SB 191 

112 B68 
Copy 2 



UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
BULLETIN No. 764 



Contribution from the Bureau of Markets 
CHARLES J. BRAND, Chief 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER 



July 5, 1919 



FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CARRYING 

QUALITIES OF AMERICAN 

EXPORT CORN 



By 



E. G. BOERNER, Grain Supervisor 



CONTENTS 



Page 

Introduction 1 

Cargo No. 1 7 

Cargo No. 2 26 

Cargo No. 3 45 

Cargo No. 4 49 

Cargo No. 5 54 



Cargo No. 6 60 

Cargo No. 7 68 

Cargo No. 8 78 

Cargo No. 9 90 

Summary ............ 96 




WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1919 





Class Oil--; 



Book 



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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 




g BULLETIN No. 764 

Contribution from Bureau of Markets 



j&V^&J-L. 



CHARLES J. BRAND, Chief 




ju&"^L 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER. 



July 5, 1919 



FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CARRYING QUALITIES 
OF AMERICAN EXPORT CORN. 

By E. G. Boerner, 
Grain Supervisor. 



CONTENTS. 



Introduction 1 

Moisture content as a factor influencing the 

carrying qualities of export corn 3 

Germination and fermentation in export 

corn 5 

The keeping qualities of export corn influ- 
enced by its position of stowage in the 

steamship 6 

Length of the voyage and season of the year 
when shipped, in relation to the carrying 

qualities of corn 6 

Cargo No. 1 7 

Description of the corn 7 

Stowage of the corn 7 

Condition of the corn as loaded 8 

Temperature changes during the voyage ... 11 

Influence of water temperature 11 

Temperature changes in top and bottom of 

holds 13 

Influence of boiler heat 14 

Condition of the corn as discharged 17 

"Sweat" and sprouted corn in the holds... 20 
Moisture test alone not sufficient to deter- 
mine carrying quality of corn 21 

Correlation of the changes in temperature 
and the changes in acidity, germination, 
moisture content, and test weight per 

bushel 23 

The handling of the corn as discharged 24 

Cargo No. 2 26 

Stowage of the corn 26 

Condition of the corn as loaded 27 

Temperature changes during the voyage 
and condition of the corn as discharged . . 27 



Cargo No. 2— Continued. 
Change in temperature and condition of the 

natural corn in hold No. 1 29 

Change in temperature and condition of the 

natural corn in hold No. 2 30 

Change in temperature and condition of the 

dried corn in hold No. 3 32 

Influence of boiler heat on the corn 33 

Change in temperature and condition of the 

natural corn in hold No. 4 36 

Influence of engine heat on the corn 38 

Change in temperature and condition of the 

natural corn in hold No. 5 39 

Influence of tunnel heat 40 

"Sweat" and fermentation in the holds ... 43 
Correlation of the changes in the temperature 
of the corn and the changes in sound ker- 
nels, acidity, germination, and test weight 

per bushel 44 

Cargo No. 3 45 

Stowage of the corn 45 

Condition of the corn as loaded 45 

Temperature changes during the voyage 
and condition of the corn as discharged . . 47 

Cargo No. 4 49 

[Cargoes Nos. 4 to 9 are discussed under the 
same headings as cargo No. 3.] 

Cargo No. 5 54 

Cargo No. 6 60 

Cargo No. 7 68 

Cargo No. 8 78 

Cargo No. 9 90 

Summary 96 



INTRODUCTION. 

Large quantities of American corn are normally exported, to Europe 
each year. Investigations conducted by the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture have shown that a considerable amount of the 

95190°— 19— Bull. 764 1 



2 BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

corn exported previous to the World, War arrived in Europe in a 
heated, damaged, and spoiled condition. 1 

During the latter stages of the war the authorities who had control 
of the snipping of large amounts of corn to Europe took steps to 
insure that only such corn as would safely stand any voyage without 
spoiling was exported. Some of the requirements imposed were more 
strict than appear to be necessary under normal conditions, and, 
since such normal conditions will again obtain after the close of the 
war, the data presented in this bulletin will be of general interest to 
the export trade. 

The carrying qualities of export corn during shipment to Europe 
depend for the most part on the moisture content and the quality 
and condition of the corn as loaded, the length of the voyage, the 
season of the year during which shipped, the weather conditions 
dining the shipment, and the position of stowage of the corn in the 
vessel. In order to determine the influence of each of these factors 
under varying conditions, eight representative cargoes of corn were 
accompanied from the United States to various European ports, and 
one additional cargo (cargo No. 5) was thoroughly sampled at the 
time of loading in America and again at the time of discharge in 
Europe. 2 In the investigations covering the cargoes which were 
accompanied to Europe, observations and tests were made daily 
from the time the corn was put into the vessels until it was discharged 
in Europe. During the loading of these cargoes, electrical resistance 
thermometers were placed at various definite positions in the corn. 
These thermometers were extended by "leads" to the deck of the 
ship so that they could be conveniently connected to a temperature 
indicator as illustrated in figure 2, thus making it possible to obtain 
a record of the changes in the temperature of the corn in the various 
positions of stowage. The temperatures were recorded each day 
that the weather permitted during the voyage. 

As the electrical-resistance thermometers were being placed in the 
corn, 3-quart samples were taken from the corn surrounding each 
thermometer, with which to determine the changes in the quality 

» These data are given in U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Circular No. 55. 
This publication, of which J. D. Shanahan, C E. Leighty, and the writer are the authors, is now out of 
print. Since the investigations reported in this bulletin are a continuation of those discussed in Circular 
No. 55, the subject matter discussed in that publication regarding moisture content as a factor influencing 
the carrying qualities of export corn, germination, and fermentation in export-corn, the keeping qualities 
of export corn influenced by its position of stowage in the steamship, and the length of the voyage and season 
of the year when shipped in relation to the carrying qualities of corn has been freely used in this bulletin 
in the discussion of those factors. 

2 Cargoes Nos. 1, 2, 3, and S were accompanied to Europe by the writer; cargoes Nos. 4 and 9 were accom- 
panied by John H. Cox; cargo No. 6 was accompanied by Laurel Duval, and cargo No. 7 was accompanied 
by R. C Miller, grain supervisors, formerly assistants in grain standardization. The investigations reported 
herein were made in the Office of Grain Standardization of the Bureau of Plant Industry under the direction 
of Dr. J. W. T. Duvel, crop technologist in charge. Since July 1, 1917, the grain standardization investiga- 
tions of the Department of Agriculture have been administered by the Bureau of Markets in connection 
with the enforcement of the United States grain standards Act. 

*7 •* •• 

NOV 3 J 920 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN". 3 

and. condition of the corn during the voyage. One-half of each 
sample was retained for analyses and the other half put into a "trap" 
or crossed wire container, which was then fastened to the thermometer 
and recovered as the corn was being discharged in Europe. The 
purpose of using the wire containers was to secure certain definite 
samples with which to correlate the effects of the changes in tempera- 
ture during the voyage on corn differing in moisture content and the 
degree of soundness at the time of loading. As will be shown later, 
the corn in the various vessels at the time of loading varied consid- 
erably in the factors of quality and condition. Likewise, a large 
proportion of the corn became hot and damaged while it was in the 
vessels. The records show that the quality and condition of the 
corn at the time of loading, the position of stowage in the vessel, the 
length of the voyage, the season of the year during which the corn 
was shipped, and the weather conditions during the voyage, each 
influenced, to a great extent, the carrying qualities of the corn during 
the time it was in the vessels. 

MOISTURE CONTENT AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING THE CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT 

CORN. 

The moisture content of corn, and of other grains as well, is the 
primary factor determining their capacity to carry safely in ocean 
transit without deterioration. Corn in which the moisture content is 
sufficiently low will carry safely under ordinary conditions of ocean 
transit for any reasonable length of time during any season of the year, 
no matter where it is stowed in the vessel, while corn containing a high 
moisture content is constantly in danger of heating at any time 
owing to a variety of contributing causes. Thoroughly air-dried 
corn contains from about 12 to 13 per cent of moisture. Such corn 
may be shipped for export at any time under ordinary conditions 
with little or no danger from heating in transit, and this is practically 
true also of corn containing up to 14 per cent moisture provided 
fermentation has not started. The fact that certain lots of corn con- 
tain higher percentages of moisture does not necessarily mean that 
they will not stand ocean shipment safely. The corn may be per- 
fectly sound, the voyage may be short, the air temperature at the 
time of loading and during the voyage may be low, no disturbing 
influence such as heat radiating from the ship's boilers and engine 
rooms and shaft tunnels may be encountered, and the corn kept 
practically in cold storage. Under such most favorable conditions, 
corn with a relatively high moisture content may sometimes be 
safely carried. Cargoes of such corn are often landed upon the 
quays in Europe in a perfectly cool condition, which corn, upon being 
exposed to warm atmospheric conditions often becomes hot and unfit 
for reshipment in a short time. When corn "goes out of condition" 



4 BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

the effect of its relative moisture content immediately becomes 
evident. Corn with a low moisture content requires a much longer 
time to reach that stage designated as "hot" or to become discolored 
or "damaged" by the process of heating, than corn with a high 
moisture content, while corn with a high moisture content will heat, 
become discolored, and lose weight by evaporation quickly, and the 
processes of deterioration are accelerated with each additional per 
cent of moisture much more rapidly than the proportionate increase 
in the moisture content. When corn of a low moisture content is 
found in a heating condition, it can ordinarily be restored to a cool 
condition with but a slight amount of handling and ventilating and 
without much, if any, loss in value through discoloration, while corn 
with a high moisture content, when heated in any considerable bulk, 
quickly becomes badly discolored and damaged and is restored to a 
cool condition with great difficulty and a great amount of handling 
only with more or less damage to its quality and a corresponding loss 

in value. 

It will be noted from the following charts and tables that many of 
the samples showed a higher moisture content at the time of discharge 
in Europe than the corn had at the time of loading. It is not thought 
possible under ordinary conditions of ocean transportation for corn or 
other grain, confined as it is in the holds of ships, to take on moisture 
from the air, as grain from semiarid regions is said to do when other- 
wise transported to more humid regions. This is especially true when 
the moisture content of the corn as shipped is high. There are two 
means by which the moisture content in any part or the whole of the 
ship's corn cargo may be increased during transportation: (1) 
Transfer of moisture by air currents caused by changes in temperature, 
and (2) by chemical changes within the corn kernel. As to the first 
means, corn containing excessive moisture and situated so that the 
moisture can escape when subjected to heat, will give off moisture and 
become drier. The moisture thus given off in a ship's hold, in case 
the temperatures in the hold are not uniform, finds its way to the 
usual air space above the corn and under the deck, passing thence as 
water to other parts of the hold where it condenses on the cooler corn, 
the cooler deck, and the sides of the ship. This process, augmented 
as time goes on by the second means, may increase considerably the 
moisture content of the corn in some portions of the hold or cargo. 

The second means by which the moisture content of the corn may be 
increased is by the change in the chemical composition of the kernel, 
the effect of which is more evident in corn that is heating badly. Con- 
ditions of temperature and moisture may be favorable in some part of 
the cargo for fermentation to begin and to continue with more or less 
vigor. The heat generated in this process is gradually transmitted to 
the surrounding portions, starting and increasing fermentation, which 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 5 

decomposes the grain and liberates its water of composition, thus 
increasing the amount of moisture in some portions or in the whole 
cargo, if conditions are not disturbed, without any addition whatever 
of moisture from outside sources. From these causes, the grain in 
many of the shipments examined was found to be damp and heating 
at the top, while that beneath was cool, and the iron decks and sides 
of the ship were found to be quite wet from the condensed moisture 
from the heating corn. 

GERMINATION AND FERMENTATION IN EXPORT CORN. 

In the grain trade the germinating season, so called, is said to be a 
special season in the year during which grain is customarily planted 
in the ground. The limits of this season are generally understood 
to extend from the middle of March to the middle of June. It is 
generally believed that there is a natural and inherent tendency in 
grain to germinate during that season and that the heating of grain 
in storage and in transit during those months is due primarily to 
this tendency. Sprouted corn was occasionally found in the cargoes 
examined, but only at the top of the bulk, where considerable addi- 
tional moisture had been supplied, either through condensation as 
described elsewhere or from outside sources, and where the corn had 
access to fresh air. In order that corn, or any of the grains, may 
germinate, there must be present: (1) Air or ogygen, (2) heat, and 
(3) moisture. If one or more of these are absent, germination will 
not t£ke place, but if all are present at the same time and in sufficient 
quantities and the germ of the corn be alive, germination will take 
place, regardless of the time, the place, or the season of the year. 
There can be no doubt that the same conditions of temperature and 
moisture that favor germination or the active growth of the germ of 
the grain, are favorable also to the growth of molds and bacteria as 
well as the production and action of certain ferments and enzymes 
which have the power of changing the composition of the grain 
kernels and which in their action produce heat sufficient to cause the 
heating of the grain. Fermentation is the principal danger to which 
damp grain in storage or in transit is exposed. Corn in which 
fermentation has begun need not necessarily be hot or even perceptibly 
heating, but the action is usually indicated by a peculiar, faintly sour 
odor present. The presence of this odor should serve as a warning 
to the shipper or handler of grain, because corn in which the odor is 
present soon becomes hot if not frequently and thoroughly ventilated, 
especially if its moisture content is high. The process of fermentation 
develops acid within the corn kernel, and the degree to which fermen- 
tation has taken place in any given lot of corn may be very closely de- 
termined by the acidity test and is expressed in this publication in terms 
of " acidity c. c' • The maximum limit of acidity allowed by Austra- 



6 BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Man and Italian law in corn to be consumed for human food is 30 c. c. 
and this is also the maximum limit allowed by the pure food board 
of South Carolina in corn entering that State. Corn testing over 
30 c. c. in acidity is such that no reputable grain man in this country 
would class it in any of the numerical grades. In several hundred 
samples of corn tested by the department, corn on the farms averaged 
18.1 c. c, corn received at terminal markets 20.4 c. c., 1 and the corn 
discharged at foreign ports averaged 30.4 c. c. in acidity. It will be 
of interest to note that of these samples, those taken from the farm 
tested 76.5 per cent in germination, samples received at terminal mar- 
kets tested 58.8 per cent in germination, and samples taken at foreign 
ports tested 3 1 per cent in germination, showing that there is a close 
relation between the soundness of corn as determmed by the acidity 
test and its viability. 2 

THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN INFLUENCED BY ITS POSITION OF STOWAGE 

IN THE STEAMSHIP. 

Practically all of the corn that is exported to Europe from the 
United States is carried in bulk, with the exception of small quanti- 
ties placed in sacks, which are used for trimming the cargo in order to 
prevent the bulk grain from shifting with the rolling and pitching 
of the ship. When the corn is thoroughly air-dried, it is not a matter 
of great importance where or how it is stowed, as long as it does not 
come in contact with the sea water, green or wet shifting boards, 
or damp or wet freight or wet lumber, etc. Where the shipments of 
corn contained a percentage of moisture much above that of thoroughly 
air-dried corn, it was found that at least some of the corn was often 
in a heating condition at the time of discharge. Where the heating 
occurred in positions of stowage free from the engine and boiler-room 
bulkheads and the shaft tunnels, the greatest heat and the most 
severe damage were found at the surface, the less heat and the less 
degree of damage the farther the distance down in the hold. When 
the damaged corn was located in that section of the ship contiguous 
to the boiler and engine-room bulkheads or to the propeller shaft 
tunnels, the greatest heat and the most severe damage were found 
nearest to those bulkheads and shaft tunnels, and the less heat and 
less degree of damage the farther the distance from them. The usual 
situation in such cases is clearly indicated in figures 17 and 54. 

LENGTH OF THE VOYAGE AND SEASON OF THE YEAR WHEN SHIPPED, IN RELATION TO 
THE CARRYING QUALITIES OF CORN. 

It appears from these investigations that if the corn when loaded 
in the ships is sound and dry, the length of the voyage has little or no 

> The method of determining the acidity of corn is given in Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 102, 
entitled " Acidity as a factor in determining the degree of soundness of corn." 

2 The germination tests given in this report were made by the Seed Laboratory of the Department of 
Agriculture. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 7 

effect on its condition, but when it is shipped with a high moisture 
content and is stowed in such a way as to be subjected to heat from 
the inside of the ship, or is shipped during warm seasons of the year 
when it is subjected to considerable heat from the atmosphere and 
water, the length of the voyage is a very important factor, especially 
if the heating begins early in the voyage, in which case the heat is 
gradually diffused with each succeeding day and a higher temperature 
by action of ferments and enzymes, is developed in the corn already 
hot. Thus, with each succeeding day, more of the sound corn begins 
to heat and the corn already heating becomes more severely damaged. 

CARGO No. 1. 

Cargo No. 1 consisted of 240,000 bushels of corn, which was dis- 
charged at three ports in Denmark. The grain was loaded on the 
6th, 7th, and 8th of March, 1910. The vessel sailed on the 8th of 
March and arrived at Copenhagen April 1, where the discharge of the 
corn was begim on April 4. The last of the corn in the vessel was 
discharged at Aalborg on April 15. The length of the voyage to 
Copenhagen was 24 days. The average time the corn was in the 
vessel was 34 days and the maximum time 41 days. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE CORN. 

The cargo contained four lots of corn, each of which was quite 
distinct in quality and condition from the others. For the purpose of 
designating these lots in the following pages, they will be called natural 
"Southwestern," natural " Central," dried "A," and dried "B" corn. 
Although the origin of each lot could not be definitely determined, the 
most reliable data available show that the corn designated as natural 
" Southwestern " was grown in the southwestern part of the corn belt, 
presumably in Texas and Oklahoma; that designated as natural 
"Central" originated in the central part of the corn belt, probably 
chiefly in Illinois; the lots designated as dried "A" and dried "B" 
were from the same section as the natural "Central" corn, but had 
been artificially dried. 

STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

As is shown in figure 1, each cargo hold of the vessel was filled with 
corn, except hold 1, which had an air space on the top of the corn of 
about 4 feet on the port side and of about 6 feet on the starboard side 
of the shifting boards. Holds 1 and 2 contained only natural "Cen- 
tral" corn. Hold 3 contained both natural "Central" and natural 
"Southwestern" corn. The natural "Southwestern" corn, amounting 
to about 6,000 bushels, was stowed near the central part of the hold 
under the middle and after hatches, and the natural "Central "corn 
was stowed both immediately above and below the natural "South- 
western" corn. Hold 4 contained natural "Central" and the two 



8 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



lots of artificially dried corn, the natural "Central" being stowed in 

g the upper part of the hold directly un- 

3 der the forward hatch, and separated 

a from the dried corn by wooden staves 

| and a tarpaulin. The dried " A" corn 

= was the upper portion of the dried corn 

f under the two forward hatches of hold 

! 4, and the dried "B" corn filled the 

| remainder of the hold. 

5? CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 



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| The ranges in the more important 

| factors, showing the quality and con- 
dition of the four lots of corn as loaded 

h and as discharged, are shown by holds 

g in Table 1, while the detailed analyses 

§ of the samples taken from each lot of 

s corn are shown in Table 2. From 
these two tables it will be seen that 

2 there was a marked difference in the 

o 

§ quality and condition of the four lots 

3 1 of corn at the time of loading, each lot 
g | considered separately, however, be- 
i 3 ing quite uniform throughout. The 
« average condition of each of the four 
| lots of corn as loaded is shown in Ta- 
I ble 3. As seen in Table 3, the natural 
| "Central" corn contained the most 
a moisture, the average being 18.7 per 
| cent. The natural "Southwestern" 
| and the dried " A" corn were bothrela- 
S tively low in moisture content, the 
B averages for these being 14.7 per cent 
I and 14.9 per cent, respectively, while 

the dried "B" corn averaged 16.3 per 

% cent. The average germination was 

m the highest in the natural ' ' Southwest- 

1 ern" corn, 84 per cent, and the low- 
's est in the dried "B" corn, 32 percent. 

2 The averages for the natural "Cen- 
§ tral" and the dried "A "corn were 51 
J; per cent and 50 per cent, respec- 
2 tively. The dried "B" corn con- 
tained the highest degree of acidity, the 

average being 27.5 c. c, and the dried "A" corn contained the 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



9 



lowest, the average of which was only 22.5 c. c. The average acidity 
for the natural "Southwestern" and the natural "Central" corn was 
25.8 and 26.6 c. c, respectively. 

Table 1. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the com in 
cargo No. 1, as loaded and as discharged by holds. 



Holds. 



Hold No. l: 

Natural "Central" corn- 
As loaded 

As discharged 

Hold No. 2: 

Natural "Central' ' corn— 

As loaded 

As discharged 

Hold No. 3: 

Natural "Central" corn — 

As loaded 

As discharged 

Natural "Southwestern" corn— 

As loaded 

As discharged 

Hold No. 4: 

Natural "Central" corn— 

As loaded 

As discharged 

Dried "A" corn— 

As loaded 

As discharged 

Dried "B" corn — 

As loaded 

As discharged 



Temper- 
ature. 



°F. 
53- 59 
60-143 



50- 58 
67-140 



50- 63 
55-136 



59- 59 

68- 94 



59- 59 
144-148 



62- 62 
79- 80 



62- 67 

74-144 



Moisture, 
content. 



Per cent. 
18. 4-19. 3 
17.5-23.1 



18.6-19.9 
IS. 6-20. 2 



17.6-19.2 
18. 8-25. 8 



13.9-15.1 
14.9-16.4 



18. 8-18. 8 
17.8-46.2 



14.9-14.9 
15.7-17.1 



15.8-17.2 
14.5-25.1 



Acidity. 



21.0- 28.5 
24.0-101.0 



21.0- 32.0 
25. 5- 52. 



22. 0- 30. 
25.5- 79.0 



22. 5- 30. 
23.5- 26.5 



28. 0- 28. 
38. 5- 60- 5 



22. 0- 23. 
27.0- 28.0 



23.0- 32.0 
27.5- 49.0 



Germi- 
nation. 



Per cent. 
45-72 
0-80 



28-66 
0-79 



3.5-62 
0-77 



77-88 
49-82 



56-56 
0- 



49-51 
33-59 



22-15 
0-25 



Sound 
kernels. 



Per cent. 

85. 2-98. 7 

0-90.1 



90. 6-96. 4 
0-94.6 



91. 7-97. 2 
0-89.8 



94.6-98.9 
96.3-97.8 



95.9-95.9 
0- 



96. 7-97. 4 
90.6-94.1 



77.6-94.1 
0-S8.9 



Weight 

per 
bushel. 



Pounds. 
50.5-53.0 
45. 5-55. 3 



51.5-53.5 
47.0-53.8 



52.0-54.0 
42. 5-52. 



52.5-53.5 
52. 5-52. 5 



53.5-53.5 

48. 5-4S. 5 



53.5-54.0 
51.0-51.5 



50. 0-53. 5 
48. 5-52. 8 



Considering all the factors for each lot of corn, it is seen, as far 
as the three factors of moisture, acidity, and germination are con- 
cerned, that the natural "Central" and dried "B" lots were both 
poor in quality and condition when loaded. The natural "South- 
western" and the dried "A" corn were both in good condition, 
having a low moisture content, and were likewise better than either 
of the other two lots in the factors of acidity, germination, sound 
kernels, and weight per bushel. 

As brought out somewhat in detail hi the following discussion, there 
was a close relation between the soundness and condition of the corn 
at the time of loading and its behavior during the voyage. 

Table 2. — Condition of the natural "Central," natural "Southwestern," dried "A," 
and dried "5" com as loaded. 



Hold. 


Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent. 


Acid- 
ity. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Dirt 
and 

foreign 
matter. 


Badly 
broken 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Hold 1, natural "Central" 


f 1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 


"F. 
. 53-59 


Per ct. 

[ 18.5 
18.5 
18.8 
18.6 
18.5 
18.5 
18.4 
19.3 


c. c. 
24.0 
25.0 
21.0 
25.0 
28.5 
26.5 
25.0 
26.5 


Per ct. 
56 
59 

72 
67 
60 
66 
45 


Per ct. 
94.2 
95.6 
98.7 
96.2 
96.3 
90.6 
96.1 
85.2 


Per ct. 
1.1 
.6 
.0 
.3 
.2 
.4 
.8 
.5 


Per ct. 
5.1 
3.0 
3.0 
3.6 
2.9 
2.9 
3.2 
3.5 


Pounds. 
52.5 
52.0 
52.0 
52.0 
53.0 




52.5 
53.0 
50.5 



10 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 2. — Condition of the natural "Central," natural ''Southwestern, 
and dried "jB" corn as loaded — Continued. 



dried "A, 



Hold. 


Sam- 
ple 
No. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent. 


Acid- 
ity. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Soimd 
kernels. 


Dirt 
and 

foreign 
matter. 


Badly 
broken 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 






7. 


Per ct. 


c. c. 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Pounds. 




f 9 




1 19.1 


28.5 




90.6 


.3 


3.1 


52.0 




10 




19.5 


32.0 


28 


92.0 


.5 


2.7 


51.5 




11 




18.6 


25.5 


37 


95.4 


.5 


2.5 


52.5 




12 




19.2 


21.0 


43 


95.6 


.4 


3.1 


52.0 




13 
14 
15 
16 


50-58 


18.9 
18.8 
18.6 

18.7 


28.5 
27.5 
27.0 
25.0 


36 

47 
57 
66 


95.5 
93.5 
96.4 
95.0 


.5 
.1 

.4 
.2 


3.0 
2.4 
3.1 
2.4 








Hold 2, natural "Central" 
corn 


53.0 
53.0 


17 




18.7 


26.5 


39 


92.5 


.3 


2.8 


52.0 




18 




18.7 


25.5 


44 


94.4 


1.1 


4.4 


52.0 




19 




19.9 


26.0 


46 


92.4 


1.5 


4.5 


52.0 




20 




18.6 


27.0 


48 


95.1 


.5 


5.9 


53.0 




21 




18.8 


26.5 


46 


94.6 


.3 


3.1 


53.0 




22 




18.6 


29.5 


46 


94.2 


.5 


3.7 


53.5 




23 




18.7 


25.5 


56 


96.0 


1.0 


3.6 


52.5 


Hold 3, natural " Southwest- 
ern "corn 


1 24 
{ 25 


59 
59 


13.9 
15.1 


22.5 
25.0 


88 
87 


98.9 
97.7 


.3 

.4 


4.5 
7.1 


53.0 
53.5 




[ 26 


59 


15.0 


30.0 


77 


94.6 


3.3 


6.9 


52.5 




27 




18.8 


30.0 


35 


93.6 


.7 


3.9 


52.5 




28 




19.2 


26.0 


52 


96.2 


.2 


1.4 


52.5 




29 




18.7 


27.0 


46 


91.9 


.3 


2.3 


52.0 




30 




18.5 


30.0 


45 


95.8 


.3 


1.4 


52.5 




31 




18.5 


28.5 


39 


95.2 


.4 


3.8 


53.0 




32 




18.4 


25.0 


52 


97.2 


.1 


2.6 


52.0 




33 




18.6 


29.5 


57 


93.8 


.3 


2.6 


52.5 




34 




17.6 


27.5 


49 


92.4 


.4 


2.4 


53.0 


Hold 3, natural ''Central" 
corn 


35 

36 


■ 50-63 


18.7 
18.9 


22.0 
29.0 


52 
57 


96.1 
93.3 


.1 

.2 


1.6 
2.2 


53.5 
53.0 




37 




18.5 


28.5 


55 


94.6 


.6 


5.1 


54.0 




38 




18.8 


28.0 




94.9 


.2 


3.8 


53.0 




39 




19.0 


26.5 


52 


94.1 


.3 


3.2 


53.0 




40 




18.0 


26.0 


62 


91.7 


.4 


1.6 


52.5 




41 

42 




18.3 
18.6 






95.0 
93.4 


.4 
.8 


3.2 
3.4 


52.5 




28.0 


50 


52.0 




43 




18.3 


24.0 


61 


96.0 


.2 


3.0 


52.5 




I 44 




I 18.7 


26.5 


59 


96.8 


.3 


3.3 


52.5 


Hold 4, natural "Central" 




















corn 


45 


59 


18.8 


28.0 


56 


95.9 


.5 


3.2 


53.5 


Hold 4, dried "A" corn 


l 46 
1 47 


62 


14.9 
14.9 


22.0 
23.0 


51 
49 


96.7 
97.4 


.2 
1.0 


3.1 
6.2 


53.5 
54.0 




f 48 




16.1 


29.5 


22 


92.4 


.6 


4.6 


53.5 




49 




16.3 


27.5 


27 


90.1 


.4 


4.4 


53.0 




50 




16.1 


25.5 


32 


91.2 


.4 


3.3 


53.5 




51 




16.3 


27.5 


38 


89.0 


1.2 


2.7 


51.0 


Hold 4, dried " B " corn 


52 
53 


62-i',7 


16.4 
17.2 


28.0 
32.0 


29 
45 


86.6 
84.4 


.5 
12.6 


1.4 

9.4 


52.0 
50.0 




54 




16.8 


25.0 


37 


90.7 


.7 


2.7 


53.0 




55 




15.9 


28.5 


35 


91.3 


1.2 


8.0 


53.0 




56 




15.8 


23.0 


31 


77.6 


16.0 


20.2 


53.0 




57 




16.4 


28.0 


22 


94.1 


.6 


5.0 


52.5 



Table 3. — Average condition of the four lots of corn as loaded. 



Kind of corn. 


Hold 
No. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent. 


Acid- 
ity. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Dirt 
and 

foreign 
matter. 


Badly 
broken 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Natural " Central " 


II 


°.F. 

56 
55 
55 
59 


Per ct. 
18.6 
18.9 
18.6 

18.8 


c. c. 
25.2 
26.8 
27.2 
28.0 


Per ct. 
61 
46 
51 
56 


Per ct. 
94.1 
94.2 
94.6 
95.9 


Per ct. 

0.5 

.5 

.3 

.5 


Per ct. 
3.4 
3.4 
2.8 
3.2 


Pounds. 
52.2 
52.4 




52.7 
53.5 


Total natural " Central " 




55 

59 
62 
64 


18.7 
14.7 
14.9 
16.3 


26. 6 
25.8 
22.5 
27.5 


51 

84 
50 
32 


94.4 
97.0 
97.0 

88.7 


.4 
1.3 

.6 
3.4 


3.1 

6.2 
4.6 
6.2 


52.5 


Natural " Southwestern " 

Dried "A" 


3 

4 
4 


53.0 
53.5 


Dried "B".... 


52.5 







CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



11 



TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE. 

The first readings of the resistance thermometers were made on 
March 8, just after the ship left the dock at the beginning of the 
voyage. With the exception of a few stormy days, readings were 
made & for 25 days thereafter, or until April 2, the day after the ship 
arrived at Copenhagen. The manner of reading the temperatures of 
the electrical resistance thermometers is illustrated in figure 2. The 
temperature of the corn at the time of loading varied from 50° to 67° 
Fahrenheit. During the voyage much of the corn became very hot. 
The changes in the temperature of the corn varied considerably in 
the different positions of stowage and were influenced by the quality, 
condition, and tem- 
perature of the corn 
when loaded , the boil- 
er heat, the air and 
water temperatures, 
and the position of 
stowage in the ship 
with reference to 
height from the bot- 
tom of the holds. 

The air and water 
were generally of 
about the same tem- 
perature, save during 
the latter part of the 
voyage, when the air 
was usually colder 
than the water. The 
water temperature 
varied considerably 
at different stages of the voyage, depending on whether the ship was 
in harbor, the Gulf Stream, the arctic current, or in the North Sea. 

INFLUENCE OP WATER TEMPERATURE. 

The outside walls of the ship consisted of plates of steel, against 
which the outside layers of the corn rested without any protection. 
Steel being a good conductor of heat, the temperature of the corn 
stowed contiguous to these walls was nearly the same as that of the 
water, as is shown by the temperature records of thermometer 17, 
figure 5, and thermometer 31, figure 8. The temperature of the corn 
located a little further in was less affected, as is shown by the temper- 
ature records of thermometer 4, figure 3, thermometer 7, figure 4, and 
thermometer 29, figure 6. The influence of the water temperature 
gradually decreased with the distance from the sides. The same 
relation existed with reference to the temperature of the corn located 
in the bottom of the holds, but not to the same extent as along the 
sides because of the air space in the ballast tanks and also because 
the bottoms of the holds were covered bv a wooden flooring. 




Fig. 2.— Reading the temperature of an electrical resistance thermome- 
ter during the voyage. 



12 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. 



Table 4. — Condition of the natural "Central," natural "Southwestern," dried "A," 
and dried il B" corn as discharged in Denmark — samples taken in order in the holds 
from top to bottom. 



Hold. 



Hold 1, natural "Central' 
corn 



Hold 2, natural "Central" 
corn 



Hold 3, natural "Southwest- 
ern " corn 



Sam- 
ple 
No. 



Hold 3, natural "Central" 
corn 



Hold 4, natural "Central" 
corn 



Hold 4, dried " A " corn . 



Hold 4, dned " B " corn . 



98 
99 
100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 

107 
108 

109 
110 

111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 



Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 



°F. 


Per ct. 


143 




138 


23.1 


140 


17.6 


140 


17.5 


132 




130 


17.9 




19.3 



130 

loo 
75 

112 
!»2 



65 
67 
60 

140 
134 

110 

89 

11.'-! 
87 
77 



136 
130 
L30 
130 

120 
110 
12 1 
118 
76 
95 
72 
81 
67 
55 
55 
70 
67 



Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent. 



19.2 
19.5 
19.4 
18.5 
19.7 
17.8 
18.8 
19.2 
19.2 
19.2 

19.7 
19.8 
20.2 



Acid- 
ity. 



18.6 
19.2 
19.2 
19.1 
19.0 
19.5 
19.4 

14.9 

15.9 
16.4 

20.1 
18.9 
25.8 
19.2 
20.3 
18.8 
19.1 
19.0 
19.1 
20.1 
18.9 
19.8 
20.0 
20.2 
19.5 
19.0 
19.5 
18.9 



144 


17.8 


148 


46.2 


80 


17.1 


79 


15.7 


144 


25.1 


142 


16.9 


125 


14.5 


136 


14.5 


135 


15.9 


90 


15.2 


124 




125 


16.6 


129 


16.9 


90 


15.2 


110 


15.5 


120 


15.2 


110 


17.1 


89 


16.8 


80 


15.5 


74 


15.3 


114 





c. c. 

49.0 
101.0 
46.0 
50.0 
38.0 
43.0 
28.5 
43.5 
28.0 
25.5 
25.5 
27.0 
35.0 
24.0 
24.0 
26.0 
27.5 

43.5 
52.0 
31.0 
27.0 
31.5 
34.5 



Germi- 
nation. 



Sound 
kernels. 



28.0 
27.0 
29.0 
25.5 

26.5 
23.5 
24.0 

32.5 

4-8.0 
79.0 
40.5 
42.0 
42.0 
38.0 
45.0 
35.0 
33.0 
41.5 
25.5 
30.0 
26.5 
27.0 
27.0 
26.0 
28.0 

38.5 
60.5 

27.0 

28.5 

49.0 
43.0 
39.0 
39.0 
53.0 
34.5 
4S.0 
43.5 
33.0 
34.5 
40.5 
44.0 
34.0 
32.5 
34.5 
27.5 
35.0 



Per ct. 
1 



10 
1 
18 

49 
54 
57 
53 

65 
80 
70 
66 



1 
23 
30 
8 



Perct. 









54.7 

10.2 

89.7 

25.4 

85.3 

65.4 

59.4 

82.2 



80.2 

66.4 

72.0 

90.1 



83.7 
88.0 
81.6 
63.0 



73.3 
94.6 
87.4 
91.4 

96.6 
96.3 
97.8 



43.2 











83.4 



69.7 

44.7 



79.5 

87.8 

89.8 

87.1 

68.5 

75.8 

68.4 



Dirt 
and 

foreign 
matter. 



Badly 
broken 
kernels. 



Per ct. 

0.1 
.3 
.7 

1.8 
.2 
.6 
.4 
.4 
.4 

3.0 
.4 

2.8 
.2 
.5 

1.9 






94.1 
90.6 











45.0 







63.9 





56.1 

88.9 

82.1 

76.2 





.5 
.2 
.2 

.2 

1.7 
.6 

.7 
.5 
.5 
.1 

1.3 
.1 
.1 
.4 

1.0 
.1 

1.8 
.5 
.2 
.1 
.2 

1.0 
.2 
.2 

.3 


.2 
1.6 



2.0 
.3 
.4 
.6 
.7 

3.5 
.3 
.2 

1.2 

2.2 
.2 



Weight 

per 
bushel. 



Per ct. 
1.6 
1.4 
4.3 
4.1 
5.1 
5.7 
2.6 
3.6 
2.9 
6.5 
4.7 
10.2 
3.5 
2.0 
3.7 
5.9 
5.7 

2.8 
3.5 
2.8 
1.7 
3.6 
4.2 



7.6 
7.0 
5.7 
5.3 

6.0 

, r >. 1 
4.7 

2.7 
3.1 

2.1 

2. 6 

2. S 

:<. 9 
2. o 
1.4 



3.7 

■A. 
4.2 
3.0 

2. 1 



Pounds. 



5.2 
10.2 

5.7 
5.5 
5.2 
9.6 
6.5 
5.7 
6.0 
3.2 
7.9 
5.6 
3.7 

"7."9 
5.7 
4.6 
1.7 
3.4 



45.50 
48.00 
47.25 
49.00 
47.00 
50.75 
50.75 
49.00 
51.25 



52.00 
53.00 
55. 25 
52.00 

47.75 
47.00 



50.00 



51.75 
51.25 
53.75 
51.25 
53.00 



52. 50 



48.50 
46. 50 
42.50 
46.00 
44.50 



50.00 
51.50 



51.75 
52.00 
51.50 



48.50 



51.50 
51.00 



51.75 
51. 75 
49.50 
51.75 
50.50 
49.00 
51.50 
48.50 
48.50 
50.50 
52.75 
50.50 
50.00 
51.50 
48.75 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



13 



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^l*-r~4 — ^~ < N-i~"' < i I "~l 





TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN TOP AND BOTTOM OF HOLDS. 

With reference to the temperature changes in the corn located in 
the upper part of the holds as compared to the temperature changes 
in the corn in the middle and bottom parts, it will be seen in figures 
3 to 6 and Tables 7 and 8, that the corn in the upper part of the holds 
began to heat first and had the highest temperatures at the end of the 
voyage. The corn 
just below the top 
layers was the next 
to begin to heat and 
had the next highest 
temperature at the 
end of the voyage. 

This order held 
true with consid- 
erable regularity 
through to the corn 
in the bottom por- 
tion of the holds, al- 
though not to such 
a great extent where 
there were outside 
influences, such as 
the temperature of 
the sea water, which 
affected the corn 
stowed near the sides 
of the ship, and the 
heat from the boilers, 
which was transmit- 
ted through the boil- 
er-room bulkhead. 

Thus, in the natur- 
al "Central" corn in 
hold 1 (thermometer 
No. 1, fig. 3) the tem- 
perature of the corn 
in the top portion began to increase from the beginning of the voyage 
and had a temperature of 142.5° F. at the end of the voyage, which was 
an increase of 83.5° F.; while the corn located about one-third of the 
distance down in the hold (thermometer No. 2) did not begin to show 
a rapid daily increase until about the thirteenth day out, and had a 
temperature of only 103.5° F. at the end of the voyage, an increase 
of 47.5° F. The corn in the bottom layer had a temperature of only 
55° F. at the end of the voyage, as shown by the temperature record 




Fig. 3.— Hold 1: A, temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers; B and C, location of the (1) resistance thermome- 
ters in the hold; (2) samples secured in Denmark; (3) the damaged 
corn as discharged in Denmark. (Cargo No. 1.) 



14 



BULLETIN" 164, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



fit 


jess-" 








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76 134 198 



-137 140 75 



for thermometer 4, figure 3. The corn in this position did not be- 
come hot and actually showed a lower temperature at the end of the 
voyage than during the middle of the voyage, because of the influence 
of the water temperature. The same order prevailed in the natural 
"Central" corn in the other holds in which it was stowed, although 
the temperature in each relative position varied somewhat in the 

various holds. The 
natural "Southwest- 
ern" corn in hold 3 
and the dried "A" corn 
under the forward and 
middle hatches in hold 
4, as is shown by the 
temperature records 
for thermometers 1 1 
and 30 in figures 5 and 
7, did not become hot 
during the voyage for 
reasons explained else- 
where. 

The upper portion 
of the dried "B" corn 
immediately under the 
dried "A" lot in the 
forward part of hold 4 
(sample 115, fig. 6) had 
a temperature at the 
end of the voyage of 
135° F., as against 
113° F. for the corn in 
the bottom of the hold 
(thermometer record 
23, fig. 7). This same 
relation held true for 
the dried "B" corn 
located under the after 
hatch, as is shown by 
the. temperature rec- 
ords of thermometers 21, 22, 26, and 29, and also for the corn located 
against the boiler-room bulkhead, although the latter was affected 
by the heat from the boilers. The above condition is almost invari- 
ably true in all cargoes containing heating corn. 




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Fig. 4.— Hold 2: A , temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers; B and C, location of the (1) resistance thermome- 
ters in the hold; (2) samples secured in Denmark; (3) the damaged 
corn as discharged in Denmark. (Cargo No. 1.) 



INFLUENCE OF BOILER HEAT. 



The heat generated in the boiler room exerted considerable in- 
fluence on the temperature of the corn stowed contiguous to the boiler- 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



15 



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I jr-Htna/sn/ite 



room bulkhead. As hot air always moves upward and cold air down- 
ward, this influence would naturally be expected to affect the corn 
stowed against the upper part of the boiler-room bulkhead more than 
that which was stowed against the lower part, which proved to be the 
case in this shipment. That part of the dried "B" corn which was 
located against the upper part of the boiler-room bulkhead increased 
in temperature at a 
much faster rate 
during the early part 
of the voyage than 
the corn in any other 
position in the ship. 
The temperature of 
all the corn stowed 
along this bulkhead 
registered under 65° 
F. at the time of 
loading. From early 
morning until 4 
o'clock in the after- 
noon of the day of 
sailing, March 8, the 
ship's boilers were 
under pressure of 
steam, and consider- 
able heat was gen- 
erated in the boiler 
room. In this short 
time the tempera- 
ture of the corn 
located against the 
upper part of the 
bulkhead had in- 
creased to 76° F., as 
shown by the tem- 
perature record of 
thermometer 18 in 
figure 6, while the corn at the same height in the hold, not more than 
8 feet away from the bulkhead, was only 62° F., as is shown by tem- 
perature record of thermometer 22. Eight days later the corn against 
the upper part of the boiler-room bulkhead had increased to 102° F., 
while the temperature of the corn located only 8 feet away was only 
65° F. From March 17 to 19, inclusive, the weather was stormy, and 
no more readings were made until March 20, 12 days after sailing, by 
which time the temperature of the corn along the upper part of the 
bulkhead had increased to 118° F., a total increase of over 53° F., 




Fig. 5.— Hold 3: A, temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers; B and C, location of the (1) resistance thermometers 
in the hold; (2) samples as secured in Denmark; (3) the damaged corn 
as discharged in Denmark. (Cargo No. 1.) 



16 



BULLETIN" 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



*TL<4MTte OCfAM 



and the corn stowed 8 feet away from the bulkhead had increased to 
80° F., or an increase of only 18° F., but during the next few days the 
temperature of the corn in the latter position increased very rapidly. 
When the ship arrived at Copenhagen on April 1 , the temperatures 
of the corn stowed against the upper, middle, and bottom parts of 
the boiler-room bulkhead, as is shown by the temperature records 

for thermometers 18, 
24, and 27, were 140°, 
118°, and 75° F., re- 
spectively, as against 
122° and 59° F., for 
the corn stowed 8 feet 
from the bulkhead 
and the same height 
as the upper and 
lower positions (there 
was no record for the 
middle position) as is 
shown by the tem- 
perature records for 
thermometers 22 and 
29. Note that the 
corn near the boiler- 
room bulkhead had 
a higher temperature 
by 18° F. in the upper 
position and by 16° 
F. in the lower posi- 
tion than the corn 
located at the same 
height but 8 feet from 
the bulkhead. 

After the ship was 
docked at Copen- 
hagen, the fires were 
put out under the 
main boilers and the 
effect was quite no- 
ticeable on the corn located near the boiler-room bulkhead. The next 
day, April 2, the temperature of the corn located against the upper part 
of the bulkhead had decreased 5 degrees as against no decrease for the 
corn the same height only 8 feet away, the temperatures for these two 
positions that day being 135° and 122° F., respectively. The tempera- 
ture of the corn against the middle of the bulkhead (thermometer 24), 
about half way to the bottom, was 102° F., on April 2, a decrease of 16 




Fig. 6.— Hold 4: A , temperature records of trie electrical resistance 
thermometers; B and C, location of the (1) resistance thermometers 
in the hold; (2) samples secured in Denmark; (3) the damaged corn 
as discharged in Denmark. (Cargo No. 1.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



17 



*VS3/S3/A 



8 9 /O 
/40 






f'f '? f J* " '? &J>°*> & 23 a» ZS X Z7 Z8 tslollT'z 




Fig. 7. 



-Diagram showing temperature records for tho corn stowed 
in the forward part of hold 4. 



degrees from the previous day, and the temperature of the corn against 
the unprotected part of the boiler-room bulkhead at the extreme side 
of the hold (thermometer 25) was reduced from 95° F. on April 1 to 
82° F. on April 2, a decrease of 13° F. During the voyage the tem- 
perature of the corn in the last-named position was affected by both 
the heat from the 
boilers and the water 
temperature. 

In connection with 
the temperatures of 
the dried "B" corn in 
hold 4, in the different 
positions of stowage 
at the end of the voy- 
age, it is interesting to 
note at what stage of 
the voyage the first 
rapid increase in tem- 
perature began. The 
corn which was stowed next to the upper part of the boiler-room 
bulkhead (thermometer 18) showed a rapid increase from the begin- 
ning of the voyage; next the temperature of the corn in the top 
layer, immediately under the after ventilator, began to increase 
rapidly about March 16. At this time in the voyage the ship en- 
countered cold air and the vapor escaping from the heating corn began 
to condense in the ventilator and fall back on the corn as water. The 
upper layer of corn a short distance from the boiler-room bulkhead 

began to increase rap- 
idly in temperature 
about March 20 and 
that stowed along the 
middle part of the 
boiler-room bulkhead 
about March 23. 

CONDITION OF THE CORN 
AS DISCHARGED. 

When the hatches 
were opened in Den- 
mark, the corn in all 
of the holds gave off 
moisture in the form of vapor in great volume, as is illustrated in fig- 
ure 9, which shows the formation of a dense fog as the result of the 
warm moisture laden air from hold 4 coming in contact with the cold 
outside air. When the cargo was discharged it was found that much 
of the corn had undergone severe deterioration during the voyage. 

95190°— 19— Bull. 764 2 



*rivssf? 






SeOTt.**0 H*6£* 




Fig. 8.— Diagram showing temperature records for miscellaneous 
electrical resistance thermometers in hold 4. (Cargo No. 1.) 



18 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The detailed analyses of the samples taken from the corn as dis- 
charged are shown in Table 4 and the average condition of each lot 
of corn as discharged is shown in Table 5. 

Table 5. — Average condition of the four lots of corn as discharged in Denmark. 



Kind of corn. 


Hold. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent. 


Acid- 
ity. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Dirt 

and 
foreign 
matter. 


Badly 
broken 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 




I 1 

2 

1 3 

1 4 


°F. 
96 
96 
90 

U46 


Per ct. 
19.1 
19.4 
19.7 

17.8 


c. c. 
35.5 
33.5 
34.6 
49.5 


Per ct. 
42 
29 
35 



Per ct. 

54.4 

64.0 

50.9 




Per ct. 

1.0 

.4 

.5 

.2 


Per ct. 
4.5 
4.2 
3.5 

4.8 


Pounds. 
50.7 
50.2 
49.4 
48.5 








195 
78 
80 

119 


19.4 

15.7 

16.4 

2 15.7 


35.0 
24.7 
27.8 
40.8 


33 

70 

48 
4 


54.0 
96.9 
92.4 
17.4 


.6 
.8 
.9 
.9 


4.0 
5.4 

7.7 
5.7 


49.9 


Natural " Southwestern" 


3 

4 
4 


52.5 
51.3 


Total dried " B " 


50.8 







Sample 108 not included. 



J Sample 111 not included. 




Fig. 9.— Moisture from heating corn escaping from a ventilator and from an open hatch at the end of the 

voyage. (Cargo No. 1.) 

It will be seen from Table 4 that the natural "Central" corn which 
had an average moisture content of 18.7 per cent and an average 
acidity of 26.6 c c. at the time of loading, was badly damaged in 
the upper part of all holds at the time of discharge. The corn was 
hot, discolored, very sour, and badly affected with molds. As is 
shown in figures 3 to 6 and Table 4, the degree of damage, as well 
as the temperature of the corn, gradually decreased toward the bot- 
tom of the holds, where the corn was not discolored, but was notice- 
ably sour and more or less affected with molds. The damaged and 
packed condition of the corn in the upper part of holds 1 and 2 at 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



19 



time of discharge is illustrated in figure 10. The corn in hold 1 did 
not entirely fill the hold, and the top of the corn was covered with a 
heavy growth of sprouted corn, as is shown in figure 12. 

The comparison of the average condition of each lot of corn, as 
loaded and as discharged, is given in Table 6. As shown in this table, 
the natural "Southwestern" corn in hold 3, which had an average 
moisture content of 14.7 per cent and an average acidity of 25.8 c. c. 
when it was loaded, arrived in practically the same condition as when 
loaded, although the natural "Central" corn stowed both immediately 
above and below it was hot and damaged and badly packed, as is 
illustrated in figure 5. The natural "Southwestern" corn "run" 
freely during the discharge, thus leaving overhanging walls of natural 
"Central" corn, these overhanging walls at times projecting as much 
as 2 feet or more. 

Table 6. — Comparison of the average condition of the natural "Central," natural 
"Southwestern," dried "A," and dried " B" corn as loaded, with the average condition 
of each lot as discharged in Denmark. 



Kind of corn. 


Hold. 


Condition of 
corn as — 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent. 


Acid- 
ity. 


Ger- 
mina- 
tion. 


Sound 
ker- 
nels. 


Dirt 
and 
for- 
eign 
mat- 
ter. 


Badly 
broken 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Natural " Central " 


C 1 
1 

2 

2 

3 
3 

4 
4 

( 

1 

{ i 
( 1 

I i 


Loaded 

Discharged.. 

Loaded 

Discharged.. 

Loaded 

Discharged.. 

Loaded 

Discharged.. 

Loaded 

Discharged.. 

Loaded 

Discharged.. 

Loaded 

Discharged. . 

Loaded 

Discharged.. 


°F. 
56 
96 

55 
96 

55 
90 

59 
i 146 


P. ct. 
18.6 
19.1 

18.9 
19.4 

18.6 
19.7 

18.8 
17.8 


c. c. 
25.2 
35.5 

26.8 
33.5 

27.2 
34.6 

28.0 
49.5 


P.ct. 
61 
42 

46 
29 

51 
35 

56 



P. ct. 
94.1 
54.4 

94.2 
64.0 

94.6 
50.9 

95.9 



P.ct. 

0.5 
1.0 

.5 

.4 

.3 
.5 

.5 
.2 


P. ct. 
3.4 
4.5 

3.4 
4.2 

2.8 
3.5 

3.2 

4.8 


Lbs. 
52.2 

50.7 

52.4 
50.2 




52.7 
49.4 

53.5 
48.5 


Total natural "Central"... 
Natural " Southwestern". . . 

Dried "A" 

Dried "B" 


55 
195 

59 

7S 

62 
80 

64 
119 


18.7 
19.4 

14.7 
15.7 

14.9 
16.4 

16.3 

» 15. 7 


26.6 
35.0 

25.8 
24.7 

22.5 

27.8 

27.5 
40.8 


51 
33 

84 
70 

50 

48 

32 
4 


94.4 
54.0 

97.0 
96.9 

97.0 
92.4 

SS.7 
17.4 


.4 
.6 

1.3 

.8 

.6 
.9 

3.4 
.9 


3.1 

4.0 

6.2 
5.4 

4.6 

7.7 

6.2 
5.7 


52.5 
49.9 

53.0 
52.5 

53.5 
51.3 

52.5 




50.8 



1 Sample 108 not included. 



2 Sample 111 not included. 



Figure 6 and Table 6 show that the dried "A" corn in hold 4, 
which had an average of 14.9 per cent of moisture and an average 
acidity of 22.5 c. c. when it was put on board, also arrived in Den- 
mark in practically as sound a condition as when it was loaded, 
notwithstanding that both the "Central" corn, which was stowed 
immediately above it, and the dried "B" corn, just beneath it, was 
hot and badly damaged. Figure 6 and Table 6 also show that the 
dried "B" corn in hold 4, which had an average moisture content 
of 16.3 per cent and an average acidity of 27.5 c. c. at the time of 



20 



BULLETIN 764, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



loading — the highest acid content of any lot in the shipment — was 
hot and badly damaged throughout when discharged with the 
exception of a small quantity along the bottom in the afterpart of 
the hold, which was not hot but was badly packed, sour, and affected 
with molds. This dried "B" corn was so badly packed that it formed 
perpendicular walls from the top to the bottom of the hold (about 
20 feet) when it was being discharged, as is illustrated in figure 1 1 . 

"SWEAT" AND SPROUTED CORN IN THE HOLDS. 

When the cargo arrived in Denmark the top layer of corn in hold 
1 was sprouted as is shown in figure 12, the sprouts in many instances 

measuring 8 inches 
and more in length. 
This hold, which 
was not entirely fill- 
ed with corn, was, 
as already stated, 
the only hold in 
which there was a 
free circulation of 
air from the forward 
to the after ventila- 
tors. This free cir- 
culation of outside 
air over the corn 
supplied the neces- 
sary oxygen and 
kept the top layers 
of kernels cool 
enough through 
evaporation to 
germinate. The 
necessary moisture needed for germination, in addition to the moisture 
present within the kernels, was supplied by the ' ' sweat ' ' dropping from 
the deck above. In other holds in which the circulation of air was 
impeded there was only a very slight amount of sprouted corn, the 
sprouted kernels being found only under some of the hatch beams. 
The air was very "heavy" in these holds due to the oxygen having 
been used up and replaced by carbon dioxide. 

What is known as "sweat" in a corn cargo is water that has con- 
densed on the underside of the cooler deck or on the sides of the 
ship when the temperature on the outside of the hold is lower than 
the temperature on the inside. This "sweat" on the underside of 
the deck falls back onto the corn in the form of water, as illustrated 
in figures 13 and 14. In the rolling and pitching of the ship, most of 
the "sweat" on the underside of the deck works its way to the deck 




Fig. 10. 



-Damaged corn in the upper part of hold 2 at tiine of dis- 
charge. (Cargo No. 1.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



21 



beams and from there it falls onto the corn where it supplies the 
necessary moisture for germination or fermentation as the case may 
be. The sprouted corn immediately under those beams in hold 1 
showed a much more vigorous growth than at other places. During 
the voyage the moisture from the heating corn could be plainly 
seen escaping from the ventilators and especially from the after 
ventilators in hold 4, shown 
in figure 9, where it was first 
noticed on the sixth day out 
when cold air was encoun- 
tered which condensed the 
excess moisture in the warm 
air from the hold into fog. 

MOISTURE TEST ALONE NOT SUFFI- 
CIENT TO DETERMINE CARRYING 
QUALITY OF CORN. 

The moisture test alone is 
not sufficient to determine 
the carrying quality of corn, 
there being other factors 
which must also be consid- 
ered. Based on the mois- 
ture test alone, the dried 
"B" corn stowed in the bot- 
tom part of hold 4 should 
have been in better condi- 
tion at the end of the voyage 
than the natural "Central" 
corn in the bottom of holds 
1,2, and 3, which at the time 
of loading had an average of 
2.4 per cent more moisture 
than the dried "B" corn. 
The condition at the end of 
the voyage of these two lots 
of corn, however, proved to 
be the reverse, and the explanation of it is that although the 
dried "B" corn contained on an average less moisture than the 
natural " Central" corn, the dried "B" corn was less sound as 
shown by the acidity test. The combination of a comparatively 
high moisture and high acid content caused the dried "B" corn in 
the lower part of the hold to become hot during the voyage. As 
will be seen by thermometer 23 (fig. 7) , which was located near the 
forward bulkhead in the bottom of hold 4, the temperature of the 




Fig. 11.— Perpendicular wall of hot and damaged dried " B ". 
corn in hold 4 at time of discharge. (Cargo No. 1.) 



22 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



corn at that point was 113.5° F. at the end of the voyage, as against 
a temperature of only 67° F. for thermometer 13 (fig. 5), in hold 
3 located in the bottom portion of the natural "Central" corn only 
a short distance from thermometer 23. 




Fig. 12.— Illustrating the sprouted condition of the surface layer of corn in hold 1 when the cargo 
arrived in Denmark. (Cargo No. 1.) 

The difference between the keeping qualities of corn contain- 
ing a high moisture content and showing a high acid test and 
of corn in which these two factors are low was illustrated in 




Fig. 13.— Showing where " sweat " had dropped from the underside of the deck onto the 
bags of corn in the upper part of the hold. (Cargo No. 1.) 

holds 3 and 4. In hold 3 the natural "Southwestern" corn, 
which at time of loading was lower on an average by 4 per 
cent hi moisture content and by 0.8 c. c. in acidity than the nat- 
ural "Central" corn in the same hold, remained sound, while the 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



23 



natural "Central" 
corn surrounding it 
became badly dam- 
aged. Also, in hold 
4 the dried "A" corn, 
which at time of load- 
ing was lower by 1.4 
per cent in moisture 
and by 5 c. c. in acid- 
ity than the dried 
"B" corn, remained 
sound, while the dried 
"B " corn in the same 
relative position of 
stowage as the dried 
"A" corn became 
badly damaged. 




Fig. 14.— Illustrating the results of "sweat" on the top portion of the 
corn under the hatch in hold 3. (Cargo No. 1.) 



<0 


I 

i. 




SO TO 7* 
7STO 39 
/OO ro/2 
/2+TO/4-3 



SO to 7*| 
7Sro9S 
/OO TO/E4- 



SOto 7+ 

75 to 99 

/OO to /2*f 

/34- TO Z-4-9 



OAFtQO HNTo.1 



AC/OITY -C.C. 



+8.S 



GERM INA TION -% 



\S9 



136 



SOUND KERNELS-°/o 



IS/ 



17/ 



W3 



WE IGHT PER B US H EL -Lbs. 



WS/.8 
\S0.9 



■ 4S.3 
1-1-7.8 



Wm= CONDITION OF THE. COPINGS DISCHARGED 

Fig. 15.— Correlation of the temperature and condition of the com as 
loaded and as discharged, (/'argo No. 1.) 



CORRELATION OF THE 
CHANGES IN TEMPERA- 
TURE AND THE CHANGES 
IN ACIDIjTY, GERMINA- 
TION, MOISTURE CON- 
TENT, AND TEST WEIGHT 
PER BUSHEL. 

The comparison of 
the average condi- 
tion of the natural 
"Central," natural 
" Southwestern," 
dried "A" and dried 
"B" corn in each 
hold; also the com- 
parison of the aver- 
ages for the total 
corn of each lot at 
the time of loading 
with the averages at 
time of discharge in 
Denmark are shown 
in Table 6. The av- 
erage condition of 
the corn in each lot 
in the top third, 
middle third, and 



24 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



bottom third of holds at time of discharge in Denmark is shown in Ta- 
ble 7, and the condition of the individual samples that were put into 
the crossed wire containers at the time the corn was loaded compared 
to the condition of each at the time when the corn was being dis- 
charged is shown in Table 8. It will be seen from these tables that, 
with a few unimportant exceptions, there was on an average quite a 
noticeable change in the acid content, germination, percentage of sound 
kernels, and weight per bushel during the voyage corresponding 
quite closely with the changes in the temperature in each lot of corn 
and in each position of stowage. As is seen from Table 6, the acidity 
was generally greater, while the weight per bushel and percentages 
of germination and sound kernels were generally less at the end of 
the voyage than at the beginning, the greatest differences being 
apparent in most cases in the corn which had increased the most 
in temperature, as is shown in figure 15. 



Table 7. — Average condition of each lot of corn in the top third, middle third, and bottom 
third of holds as discharged in Denmark. 



Kind of corn. 


Place of 
stowage 
in hold. 


3 

C3 
Fh 

o> 

ft 

a 

H 


a 

o 
3 

i- S3 

'3 


s 

'3 


a 

"3 
a 

u 

O 


a 
>-• 

M 

■d 

3 

3 
o 

02 


O 1- 

§1 

fi'S 


q 
a 

M . 

O en 

y 

JS o> 
ea 

« 


u 

ft _ 

+=« 

•Sfja 
o 


Natural "Central" corn: 

Hold 1 


[Upper third. . . 
] Middle third.. 
(Bottom third . 

fUpper third. . . 
{ Middle third.. 
(Bottom third. 

fUpper third.. . 
{Middle third.. 
(Bottom third. 

Upper third.. . 

[•Upper third... 

[Middle third . . 
JBottom third. 


°F. 
132 
93 
64 

12S 
92 
67 

127 
81 
63 

1 146 

f'131 
\ SO 
I 137 

[ 88 
\ 119 

I 78 

/ 64 
\ 102 


P.ct. 
19.2 
18.8 
19.2 

19.9 
19.0 
19.3 

20.0 
19.7 
19.4 

17.8 

19.6 

Hi. 4 

2 15. 3 

19.2 
15.9 
15.7 

19.3 
15.9 


c. c. 
53.4 
27.4 
25.8 

42.2 
31.0 
27.4 

44.6 
32.4 
26.9 

49.5 

46.3 

27.8 
42.5 

30.7 
44.8 
24.7 

26.8 
35.1 


P.ct. 
9 
46 

72 


20 
67 

3 
38 
63 



3 

48 


34 

5 
70 

66 

8 


P.ct. 
29.5 
57.4 
76.2 

27.9 
77.5 
86.7 

21.8 
53.0 
77.9 



22.9 

92.4 


62.5 
11.3 
96.9 

80.5 
40.8 


P.ct. 
0.5 
1.4 
1.1 

.5 
.3 
.4 

.5 
.7 
.3 

.2 

.5 
.9 
1.2 

.7 
.5 
.8 

.5 
1.0 


P.ct. 
3.0 
5.4 
5.1 

3.0 
3.2 
6.4 

2.6 
4.5 
3.4 

4.8 

3.1 

7.7 
6.5 

4.3 

5.4 
5.4 

4.8 
5.1 


Lbs. 
47.9 

50.8 


Hold 2 


53.4 

47.4 
50.9 


Hold 3 


52.3 

45.6 
50.8 


Hold 4 


51.8 

48.5 


Total natural "Central," natu- 
ral "Southwestern," dried 
"A," and dried "B" corn: 


47.0 




51.3 


Dried "B" 


51.8 




50.8 


Dried "B". . 


50.2 


Natural " Southwestern "... 

Natural " Central " 

Dried "B" 


52.5 

52.4 
50.3 



Sample 108 not included. 



2 Sample 111 not included. 



THE HANDLING OF THE CORN AS DISCHARGED. 

Much of the corn was so badly damaged that the marine leg could 
not be used to discharge it. All of the dried "B" corn in hold 4 
on account of its packed condition had to be discharged by use of 
buckets or bags and winches. Discharging corn with bags or buckets 
is a slow process and necessitates much extra labor and time, thus 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



25 



allowing any hot corn that the cargo may contain to become more 
severely damaged and also giving time for the damage in the affected 
location to spread to the surrounding sound corn. 




Fig. 16.— Hot corn from the cargo piled on the open quay being conditioned by hand shoveling. 

(Cargo No. 1.) 

Table 8. — Comparison of the condition of the corn samples in crossed-wire containers 

as loaded and as discharged. 



Kind of corn. 



Condition of 
corn as — 



Location of 

sample in 

hold. 



Natural "Central' 



Loaded 

Discharged. 

Loaded 

Discharged. 

Loaded 

Discharged. 



I-oaded 

Discharged. 



Loaded 

Discharged. 



Loaded 

Discharged. 



Natural "South 
western." 

Natural " Central ' 

Dried "B" 

Dried "A" 

Dried "B" 



Loaded 

.Discharged. 



( Loaded 

(Discharged. 



(Loaded 

(Discharged. 



I Loaded 

\Discharged. 



(Loaded 

(Discharged. 



(Loaded 

(Discharged. 



°F. 
59 
143 



56 
104 



50 



50 
129 



59 
119 



66 
144 



62 



67 
114 



P.ct. 
18.5 



18.8 
19.3 



18.5 

17.8 



19.2 



18.9 
19.2 



18.7 
18.8 



18.5 
19.1 



15.1 
14.9 



18.0 
18.9 



15.9 
25.1 



14.9 
15.7 



c. c. 

28.5 
49.0 

21.0 
28.5 

26.5 
35.0 

21.0 
27.0 

28.5 
34.5 

22.0 
42.0 

28.5 
38.0 

25.0 
26.5 

26.0 
28.0 

28.5 
49.0 

23.0 
28.5 

25.0 
35.0 



P.ct. 

67.0 

1.0 



60.0 




42.5 
23.0 



36.0 
8.0 



52.0 




38.0 




87.0 
49.0 



62.0 
63.0 



35.0 




49.0 
59.0 



37.0 




P.ct. 

96.3 



98.7 
89.7 

90.6 


95.6 
88.0 

95.5 
63.0 

96.1 


95.2 
83.4 

97.7 
96.6 

91.7 
68.4 

91.3 


97.4 
90.6 

90.7 




P.ct. 

0.2 

.1 


.4 

.4 
.2 

.4 
.1 

.5 
.2 

.1 
.1 

.4 
.1 

.4 
.2 

• .4 
.2 

1.2 

.7 

1.0 
1.6 



Lbs. 
53.0 



52.0 
49.0 



53.5 
53.0 



53.5 
52.5 



53.0 



[Top. 



5 feet down 
near outside. 



16 feet down 
near outside. 



54.0 
51.0 



53.0 

48.75 



> 

HO feet down. 
|l3 feet down. 
}Top. 

H feet down. 
J-10 feet down. 

VBottom. 

■(Top, under 
/ ventilator. 

}Top. 
>Bottom. 



26 



BULLETIN 764, XT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



It was necessary to begin treating all of the damaged corn almost 

immediately after it was discharged from 
S> the steamship. Some of the corn from 
| the bottom of the three forward holds 
•o which was in fair condition when dis- 
ci charged, " went out of condition " and be- 
£ came hot within a short time after being 
£ landed, and this also had to be handled 
-| at once. The damaged corn from this 
cargo was ventilated by hand shoveling, 
each shovelful being thrown into the air 

S3 O 

in such a manner that the kernels became 
£ separated and fully exposed to the air. 
| Figure 16 shows how a part of the hot 
| corn from this cargo, which was piled on 
I" the open quay, was treated to stop the 
•£ process of fermentation. 



% * 



m 



J 



CARGO No. 2. 

■3 

| Cargo No. 2 consisted of 211,064 bush- 

Is els of corn, of which 30,500 bushels had 
•5 w been artificially dried. The corn was 
1 | loaded February 27, 28, March 1, and 2, 
| I 1911. The vessel sailed March 3 and 
o ~ arrived at Aalborg, Denmark, April 5, 
« where 8S,S27 bushels of the corn were dis- 
| charged from April 5 to 11. The steam- 
ship was then taken to Copenhagen, Den- 
s' mark, where the remaining 122,237 bush- 
els in the cargo were discharged, the last 
I of the corn being taken out on April 20. 
I The maximum time that any of the corn 
was in the vessel was 53 days, the aver- 
age time for the Aalborg lot being 39 days 

1 and for the Copenhagen lot 47 days. The 
t length of the ocean voyage to Aalborg 
g> was 33 days and to Copenhagen 40 days. 

2 STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

a 

§, The steamship had five cargo uolds. 

S As is shown in figure 17, holds Nos. 2, 3, 

^ and 4 were entirely filled with corn, while 

2 holds 1 and 5 were each filled only to the 

main deck, leaving an air space of about 

8 feet on top of the corn in the central or "trunk" part of the holds. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



27 



The dried corn was stowed in hold 3, and the natural corn in holds 1, 
2, 4, and 5. 

Holds 1 and 2 were located free from the ship's machinery; hold 3 
was located just forward of the boiler room; hold 4 was located just 
aft of the engine room in the bottom part of which was the shaft 
tunnel, which also extended through the bottom of hold 5. 

Table 9. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn as 
loaded and as discharged by holds. 

[Holds 1, 2, 4, and 5, natural corn: hold 3, dried corn.] 



Hold. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Hold 1: 


o R 

51.0- 54.0 
59.0-110.0 

53.0- 60.0 
58.0-148.0 

65.0- 74.0 
74.0-155.0 

52. 0- 60. 
59. 0-135. 

53 0- 55. 
61.0-140.0 


Per cent. 
18. 3-19. 2 
16. 2-43. 6 

18. 5-18. 7 
17. 6-34. 6 

15. 2-15. 8 
13.0-54.6 

18. 5-19. 5 
13. 6-48. 1 

18.3-19.2 
11. 1-18. 7 


c. c. 
17. 9- 19. 9 
21. 8- 65. 7 

18. 7- 19. 7 
20.8- 75.5 

20. 4- 24. 1 
23. 5-110. S 

18. 5- 24. 6 
21. 1- 83. 9 

19. 5- 22. 4 
23.1- 31.3 


Per cent. 

61.0-77.0 

0-75.0 

45. 0-78. 
0-78.0 

34.0-61.0 
0-43.0 

58.0-77.0 
0-09.0 

62.0-75.0 
0-61.0 


Per cent. 

93. 1-97. 

0-95.6 

94. 7-95. 6 
0-96.6 

85.0-96.5 
0-93.7 

92. 7-97. 5 
0-90.0 

90. 3-95. 9 
0-95.7 


Pounds. 
52. 8-53. 5 




46. 3-54. 


Hold 2: 


53.5-53.8 




44.0-52. S 


Hold 3: 


54.0-55.0 




45.3-54.0 


Hold 4: 


52.0-54.5 




43. 3-53. 5 


Hold 5: 


52. 5-53. 8 
47.8-52.0 







CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 



The condition of the natural and dried corn was quite uniform 
throughout in each lot at the time of loading, as is shown in Table 9, 
but there was considerable difference in the average condition of the 
two lots. It will be seen in Table 10 that the averages for various 
factors in the natural corn as loaded were as follows : Moisture content 
18.8 per cent, acidity 19.8 c. c, germination 66.3 per cent, sound 
kernels 94.7 per cent, and weight per bushel 53.39 pounds; while the 
averages for the dried corn were: Moisture content 15.5 per cent, 
acidity 21.9 c. c, germination 43.2 per cent, sound kernels 93.5 per 
cent, and weight per bushel 54.42 pounds. Comparing the two lots, 
it is seen that the natural corn was the better in that it had a lower 
average acidity by 2.1 c. c, a higher average germination by 23.1 per 
cent, and more sound kernels by 1.2 per cent, but was poorer in that 
it contained on an average more moisture by 3.3 per cent and a 
correspondingly lower weight per bushel by a little over one pound. 

TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE AND CONDITION OF THE CORN AS 

DISCHARGED. 

The first temperature readings of the resistance thermometers were 
made March 1, and thereafter each day that the weather permitted 
until April 6, the day after the steamship arrived in Denmark. In a 
few instances the readings were continued until April 15. 



28 



BULLETIN 764, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 10. — Average condition of the corn as loaded compared with the average condition as 

discharged. 





Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound ker- 
nels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


Kind of corn and hold. 


•6 

a 

<s 

03 

_o 

CO 
< 


03 

en.fi 


<6 

CD 
l 

< 


be 
03 

cn.fi 


■d 

s 

03 
< 


Si <B 

■O Ml 

03 

en.fi 


■d 

CB 

■a 

03 
< 


cn-O 

03 

en.fi 


■a* 

a> 
03 

< 


be 

03 

cn.fi 


•6 

-a 

03 
w 

< 


.2— • 

i 

03 


Natural corn: 

Hold 1 


'F. 

53.0 
50.3 
55.0 
53.8 


'F. 

73.0 
113. 5 
95.8 

88.3 


P.ct. 
18.0 
18.0 
18.9 

18.7 


P.ct. 
18.3 
18.9 
18.1 
18.2 


c.c. 
18.7 
19.4 
20.0 
20.4 


C.C. 
25.9 
35.1 
29.8 
20.3 


P.ct. 
07.2 
02.2 
00.9 
00.8 


P.ct. 

44.4 
18.1 
25. 8 
29.9 


P.ct. 
95.3 
95.1 
94.0 
94.0 


P.ct. 

80.8 
23.4 
54.1 
72.9 


Lbs. 
52.95 
53. 50 
53.50 
53.35 


Lbs. 
51.10 
49. 52 


2 


4 


5 


50.00 






Total natural corn 

Dried corn: 

Hold 3 


54. 8 94. 1 
09. 100- S 


18.8 
15.5 


18.3 
15.1 


19.8 
21.9 


29.4 
31.0 


00.3 
43.2 


28.4 
13.2 


94.7 
93.5 


00.8 
49.0 


53.39 
54.42 


50.20 











Samples Nos. 43 and 40 in hold 1, 52 in hold 2, 01 in hold 3, and 04 in hold 4, were not included in the 
average as discharged. 

The temperature of the corn as loaded varied from 51° F. in the 
natural corn to 74° F. in the dried corn, the averages for the two lots 
in even numbers being 55° and 70° F. At the time of discharge, 
the maximum temperatures of the corn in the various holds were as 
follows: Hold 1, 110° F.; hold 2, 148° F.; hold 3, 155° F.; hold 4, 
135° F.; and hold 5, 140° F. During the time that the corn was in 
the vessel a large proportion of both the natural and the dried corn 
became hot, discolored, moldy, and badly damaged. 

When the temperature of corn at 51° and 74° F. is raised through 
inherent causes, deterioration becomes apparent at about 90 to 100° 
F. and increases very rapidly thereafter if the temperature con- 
tinues to rise. The temperature records show that the corn reached 
100° F. in the different holds as follows: hold 1 in 35 days, hold 2 
in 14 days, hold 3 in 19 days, hold 4 in 22 days, and hold 5 in 24 days. 
This is interesting in connection with the average time that the corn 
remained in the vessel, which, as already stated, was 39 days for 
the Aalborg lot and 47 days for the Copenhagen lot. 

The wide difference in the rate at which the temperature of the 
corn changed depended on its position of stowage with reference to 
height from the bottom of the holds. Where the corn was stowed 
free from the ship's machinery, it changed the most and became 
badly damaged in the upper part of the holds. As is shown by the 
accompanying diagrams, the temperature and degree of deteriora- 
tion of the corn at the end of the voyage gradually decreased from 
the surface tow T ard the bottom where the corn in all holds, excepting 
that in hold 3 and along the shaft tunnel in holds 4 and 5, was in a 
sound condition. 

The air and water temperatures during the loading period averaged 
close to 50° F. and were generally somewhat higher than the tem- 
perature of the corn for the first six days of the ocean voyage. The 
air temperature was above 70° F. for the first four days and the 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



29 



* 
























to 


A 


PCH 


































APRIL 








S~ i: 






























































































































































































































































































































Vj 




































































7«« 


Kit 








































































y 


































































































i< 70 




1 




«< 


r- 


-< 


>-< 






















^J 










































^ 60 
hi 




i 


i 














M 








































































* 










Jr 1 










S3 














1 








'■ \ 




•/- 






















TV 








-< 






s 
















TH^R 


* 


<• 


30 






























































^ 


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20 






SF 




















1 1 1 


VOrAGC- 

1 ! 1 7 






















1 


1 







water temperature remained above 70° F. for the first six days of 
the voyage, after which the temperature of both suddenly dropped 
and remained under 60° F. during the remainder of the voyage. 
During the latter part of the voyage the air temperature dropped to 
below 30° F. and the water temperature to nearly 30° F. 

CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND CONDITION OF THE NATURAL CORN IN HOLD NO. 1. 

As is shown in figure 18, the temperature of the corn near the 
surface on a level with 
the main deck changed 
but little during the 
first 12 days, after 
which there was a 
steady daily increase 
until it had reached 
102° F. on April 6, or 
35 days after the first 
reading was made. 
The upper portion of 
the corn to a depth 
of approximately 4 
feet below the surface 
was in a heating con- 
dition when the corn 
was discharged. The 
remainder of the corn 
in the hold changed 
but little in tempera- 
ture during the voy- 
age. 

Sample No. 42 in 
Table 11, which was 
taken from the surface 
of the corn, and sam- 
ple No. 1, which was 
taken from the wire 
container fastened to 
thermometer No. 1, 
show the damaged 
condition of the corn near the surface as discharged. Samples Nos. 43 
and 46, which were both badly damaged, represent only a small amount 
of corn. The first was "sweat "-damaged and the latter sea-damaged 
from water having leaked through a small hole in the deck. 

The average condition of the corn in the hold as discharged is 
shown in Table 10. Compared to the condition of the corn as 




49 1 8 24 I 



SO 180 218 64 
3 I as 2S.I 53 



-85 46.4 288 4-6 
101 26.6 176 47 



73 23.1 182 48 




^_>2« 



IAi_ 



Fig. 18.— Hold 1: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and 
samples secured in Denmark. Heavy shading represents heat- 
damaged corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



30 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



loaded, it will be seen from the table that there was an average 
increase of 7.2 c. c. in acidity and an average decrease of 22.8 per 
cent in germination; 14.5 per cent in sound kernels and 1.79 pounds 
in test weight per bushel. 

Table 11. — Condition of the natural corn in hold 1 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the hold, from top to 
bottom. 

[T 1, etc., represents samples in crossed-wire containers, fastened to resistance thermometers of the same 
numbers; indicates not included in the averages.] 



Sam- 


Temperature. 


Moisture con- 
tent. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


ple 
No. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
loaded. 


As dis- 
charged. 


42 


°F. 


"F. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 
20.8 
16*2 

*43.6 
19.4 
18.2 
18.3 

*28. 8 
17.6 
18.2 
18.0 
18.3 
18.0 
18.5 


c.c. 
17.9 

18.9 

19.1 
17.9 

19.9 


c. c. 
36.5 
27.4 

*65. 7 
29.7 
23.2 
25.9 

*46.4 
26.6 
23.1 
24.1 
21.8 
21.8 
25.1 


P.ct. 
70 

77 

66 
61 

62 


P.ct. 

5 

39 

*0 
13 
55 
50 
*3 
29 
37 
75 
54 
65 
67 


P.ct. 
97.0 

93.1 

94.4 
96.9 

95.1 


P.ct. 
33.4 
40.4 

*0 
69.9 
93.8 
93.8 

*0 
85.8 
92.6 
95.2 
94.2 
95.2 
95.6 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 
47.25 


Tl 
*43 


54 

52 

54 
51 

54 


102 
*110 
72 
CO 
63 
*85 
101 
73 
73 
69 
64 
59 


18.8 
18.5 

18.3 

18.4 

19.2 


52.75 


50.50 


44 




50.00 


45 




50.00 


T2 
*46 


52.75 


52.00 
*46. 25 


47 




51.00 


48 




51.75 


49 
T4 

50 


53. 50 
52.75 


53.25 
50.75 
54.00 


T3 


53.00 


52.25 



CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND CONDITION OF THE NATURAL CORN IN HOLD NO. 2. 

Fully three-fourths of the corn in hold 2 became hot during the 
voyage. The greatest increase in the temperature of the corn was 
at the surface and the lowest at the bottom of the hold. The corn 
at the surface, when the ship reached port on April 5, was 148° F., 
that one-third down was 115° F., that two-thirds down 85° F., 
while that at the bottom of the hold had a temperature of only 50° F. 
These facts are shown in figure 19. 

The temperature of the corn in this hold was under 60° F., in all 
positions of stowage when loaded. By March 11, 8 days after the 
steamship sailed, the temperature of the corn near the surface, as is 
shown by the temperature record for thermometer 5, had increased 
to 73° F.; during the next 8 days the temperature increased 58° 
and reached 131° F. on March 19; during the next 10 days to March 
29, the increase was more gradual, reaching 149° F. on that day, 
after which it remained practically stationary until the ship reached 
port, April 5. The corn located one-third of the distance down, as is 
seen by the temperature record for thermometer 5, had increased to 
68° F. by March 14, and to 118° F. by March 29, which was the maxi- 
mum point reached before the vessel reached port. The corn located 
two-thirds of the distance down, as shown by the temperature record for 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



31 



r 














































/1^/4 










1 II io 










13 - 
































1 




. 






















































T 


_£j 


JJB 




































































































J. 120 
































































4j "° 
































l^fr 


































£ 
































































T . 


































r/ f e /»£, _ 




















\ *" 








,<-<- 






? 


iH! 
































|l 70 














H 


X\\kX\ 














i i 


























' • 


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jxi i,^^fa. r vc 


— t_^_ — i^_ 
















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^TVt 


■flK'l 1 11111 ! T 


J^9a -UJ 
















1 


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HllllL J 


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OCCAM VOfAQE | | ■ 


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S 




o 










































k 










»• 







thermometer 7, increased gradually in temperature until 88° F. was 
reached April 5. Thermometer 8 shows that the temperature of 
the corn near the bottom did not go over 63° F. and during the latter 
part of the voyage decreased to 50° F. being influenced by the water 
temperature. 

When the hatch was opened soon after the steamship arrived in 
Aalborg it was seen that the corn was badly damaged on top. The 
corn immediately under the hatch was discharged as far down as 
the main deck, but as 
there did not appear to 
be any improvement 
in the condition, the 
receivers at this port 
refused to take any 
more of it, and conse- 
quently the remainder 
of the corn was left in 
the hold from about a 
week to 10 days longer. 
During this time the 
temperature of the 
corn located one-third 
of the distance down in 
the hold increased 
from 115° to 140° F., 
and the corn stowed 
two-thirds of the dis- 
tance down, which was 
still sound on arrival, 
increased from 88° to 
117°F., and was badly 
heat discolored when 
it was discharged. 
That at the surface 

had a teniDerature of * IG " 19-— Hold 2: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 

" thermometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and sam- 

OVer 145 F. for 20 pies secured in Denmark. Heavy shading represents heat- 

days. As is seen in dama s edcorn - (Cargo No. 2.) 

figure 19, the heat damage finally extended fully three-fourths of the 
distance down, as the temperature there was 105° F. when the corn 
was discharged. The grain capacity of this hold was over 73,000 
bushels, and as previously stated was entirely filled with corn. 

As is shown in Table 12, only the corn near the bottom of the hold 
showed any germination or sound kernels at the end of the voyage. 
Table 10 shows that the averages for the corn in this hold, as dis- 
charged, were: Acidity 35.1 c. c, germination 18.1 per cent, sound 



bi * 
3 a 



J I 5 

30 409 192 51 

25 34.4 iaa 54 



30.4 IBS S3 



- 58 20 8 18.5 60 




32 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



kernels 23.4 per cent, and weight per bushel 49.52 pounds. This 
was an increase over the condition, as loaded, of 15.7 c. c. in acidity, 
and a decrease in even numbers of 44 per cent in germination, 72 
per cent in sound kernels, and 4 pounds in weight per bushel. 

Table 12. — Condition of the natural corn in hold 2 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — Samples taken in order in the hold, from top to 
bottom.. 

[T 5, etc., represents samples in crossed-wire containers, fastened to resistance thermometers of the same 
numbers; * indicates not included in the averages.] 



Sam- 


Temperature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


ple 

No. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


T 5 
51 

*52 
53 
54 
55 


"F. 

55 

60 
57 

53 


°F. 
148 
130 

*138 
144 
125 
116 


P.ct. 
18.6 

18.5 
18.6 

18.7 


P.ct. 
18.9 
19.2 

*34.6 
19.4 
19.8 
17.6 


c. c. 

19.7 

18.7 
19.6 

19.5 


c. f . 
42.6 
40.9 

*75. 5 
54.8 
34.4 
47.0 
28.1 
38.6 
33.2 
34.3 
30.4 
22.0 
20.8 
22.6 


P.ct. 
64 

72 

68 

45 


P.ct. \P.ct. 
94. 7 

o 

*0 

!.. .. 


1- 


r.ct. 



*0 





Pounds. 
53.50 


Pounds. 
47.75 
48.25 




*48.00 




44.00 




48. 50 




50.00 




95.3 


53.75 




56 
57 

T 7 

58 

59 

. 60 

T 8 


145 
117 
117 
131 
69 
58 
63 


19.8 
19.0 
18.8 
18.5 
18.6 
18.5 
IS. 9 













94.5 
90.2 
96.6 


48.50 




95.6 



65 ' 
78 




51.25 


53.50 


50.00 
49.25 




51.75 




52.75 


75 


94.8 


53.50 


52.25 



CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND CONDITION OF THE DRIED CORN IN HOLD NO. 3. 

Hold 3 contained artificially dried corn, all of which, excepting a 
small amount along the bottom, became hot and badly damaged dur- 
ing the voyage. Even the corn along the bottom, although it did 
not get hot, was sour, moldy, and badly packed when discharged. 
The average temperature of this dried corn when it was loaded was 
about 15° F. higher than the average for the natural corn in the other 
four holds of the ship. In that part of the corn that was located 
away from the boiler-room bulkhead, the greatest change in tem- 
perature took place in the upper portion. The temperature of the 
corn near the surface increased 13° F. the first 17 days after it was 
loaded, after which the increase was more rapid, reaching 137° F. 
when the ship reached port, as is shown by the temperature record 
of thermometer 9 in figure 20. The temperature of the com 
in the central part of the hold, about 4 feet under the surface, increased 
in about the same manner as the corn at the surface, but the tempera- 
ture was generally somewhat lower, having a temperature record of 
135° F. on April 7, as is shown by the readings for thermometer 11. 
The temperature of the corn stowed a little over half way down in 
the center of the hold increased but little during the first nine days, 
but from then on steadily increased until 107° F. was reached on 
April 8, as shown by the temperature record for thermometer 14. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN". 



33 



The temperature of the corn near the center of the bottom of the 
hold increased 19 degrees during the first two weeks, reaching its 
maximum of 89° F. April 14, after which it gradually became cooler, 
being affected by the water temperature, and dropped to 79° on 
April 8. 

Tahle 13. — Condition of the dried com in hold .? as loaded a nil the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the hold, from top to 
bottom. 

[T 9, etc., represents samples in crossed-wire containers, fastened to resistance thermometers of the same 
numbers; * indicates not included in the averages.] 



Sam- 


Temperature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


ple 

No. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


T9 
*G1 


°F. 
70 

74 
71 

68 

68 
68 

68 
67 
65 
71 
70 
70 


°F. 
137 
*155 

91 
135 
134 
115 
106 

74 
108 
107 
109 
105 


P.ct. 
15.6 

15.5 
15.4 
15.3 

15.8 
15.6 

15. 5 
15.2 
15.3 

15. 8 
15.8 
15.2 


P.ct. 
18.3 
*54.6 
16.2 
14.8 
14.6 
15.4 
13.6 
13.0 
15.5 
15.2 
14.2 
15.0 


c. c. 
24.1 

21.6 
21.3 
23.2 

22.1 
21.7 

21.5 
21.5 
20.4 
21.6 
22.1 
21.8 


c . c. 
41.4 

*110. 8 
42.0 
.35.7 
36.8 
32.0 
36.7 
23.5 
29.8 
29.5 
24.6 
26.5 


P.ct. 
44 

38 
38 
48 

61 
42 

44 
34 
38 
50 
47 
35 


P.ct. 



*0 

5 







2 

43 



15 

21 

18 

"3Y 

36 


P.ct. 
85.0 

90.5 
94.4 
92.8 

92.8 
90.5 

95.7 
94.0 
95.0 
95. 5 
94.8 
94.9 


P.ct. 



*0 

38.0 





23.2 

34.4 

85.8 

33.6 

70.9 

85.3 

83.5 


Pounds. 
54.75 


Pounds. 
45.25 


T 10 

T 11 

T 12 

62 


54. 00 
54.25 
54.00 


50.50 
53.00 
52.50 
50.50 


T 19 
T20 

03 


54.25 
54.25 


50. 50 
54.00 
52.00 


T 14 

T13 
T15 

IS 


54. 25 
55.00 
54. 75 
54. TO 
54. 75 
54.25 


53. 25 
53.50 
52.00 


T 17 
16 


89 

78 


15.6 
15.3 


28.0 
25.2 


90.0 
93.7 


53. 50 
53.75 



As is shown in Table 13, the corn became badly damaged in th8 
upper part of the hold, the degree of damage gradually decreasing 
toward the bottom. It will be seen in Table 10 that the averages 
for various factors in the analyses of the corn as discharged were as 
follows: Acidity 31.6 c. c, germination 13.2 per cent, sound kernels 
49.6 per cent, and 5L86 pounds test weight per bushel, which, com- 
pared with the average condition of the corn as loaded, was an 
increase of 9.9 c, c, in acidity and a decrease of 30 per cent in germi- 
nation; 43.9 pei cent in sound kernels; and a little over 2.5 pounds 
in test weight per bushel. 

INFLUENCE OF BOILER HEAT ON THE CORN. 

There were three main boilers and two donkey boilers in the stoke- 
hold. The donkey boilers were located near the middle of the bulk- 
head which separated the stokehold from hold 3. This bulkhead 
was lined with a plank sheeting on the cargo side, but there was no 
second bulkhead to form an air space. There were coal bunkers 
over and on both sides of the stokehold, as is shown in figures 20 
and 22. Steam was kept up in the donkey boilers during the load- 
ing period, and the effect of the heat generated was plainly noticeable 
on the corn stowed contiguous to this bulkhead opposite the boilers, 

95190°— 19— Bull. 764 3 



34 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



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as is shown by the temperature records for thermometers 13, 14, 
and 15 in figure 21. The corn located next to the bulkhead oppo- 
site the donkey boilers showed a rapid increase in temperature at 
the time of loading, while steam was kept up in the boilers, and 
showed a higher temperature than the corn located the same height 
but some distance back from the bulkhead until March 27, when it 
was lower. - When steam was again generated in the donkey boilers 

at the end of the 
voyage, the effect of 
the heat on the corn 
stowed next to the 
bulkhead opposite 
the boilers became 
apparent, the tem- 
perature increasing 20 
degrees in two days. 
The corn near the 
surface which was 
stowed along the 
bulkhead that sepa- 
rated hold 3 from the 
coal bunker did not 
get as hot as the corn 
that was stowed the 
same height back 
from the bulkhead, as 
is shown by the temp- 
erature records for 
thermometers 10, 11, 
and 12. The hatch 
over the coal bunker 
was kept open and 
afforded ventilation 
in the bunker until 
March 18, but during 
the next week, when 
rough weather was 
encountered and the 
hatch was kept closed, the temperature of the corn contiguous to the 
bulkhead increased 23 degrees, as is shown by the temperature record 
for thermometer 10. The corn stowed along the bottom of hold 3 near 
the boiler-room bulkhead had a lower temperature during the greater 
part of the voyage than the corn some distance away, and this can be 
accounted for in that the temperature at the bottom of the boiler 
room was kept cool by the fresh air that rushed from the ventilators 
and took the place of the heated air that was forced out at the top. 



55 lias 54.0 61 

I 15 320 IS* 62 

108 29.8 155 63 

- 105 26.5 150 15 



18 




Fig. 20.— Hold 3: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and sam- 
ples secured in Denmark. Heavy shading represents heat- 
damaged corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



35 



The effect on the corn of the heat generated in the boilers is shown 
further by the temperature records of thermometers 19 and 20, which 
were located against 
the upper part of the 
bulkhead, 19 opposite 
the boilers and 20 ten 
feet away opposite a 
ventilated coal bun- 
ker, as shown in figure 
22. Thermometer 19 
registered an increase 
of 17° F. the first two 
days after the corn 
was loaded, while ther- 
mometer 20 registered 
an increase of only 1 ° 
F. during this time. 
Thermometer 19 reg- 
istered a higher tem- 
perature than ther- 
mometer 20 during 
the whole voyage. 
Thermometer 19 reg- 
istered over 100° F. 



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Fig. 21.— Hold 3: Temperature records showing the effect of boiler 
heat on the temperature of corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



/ 2 4 6 5 10 12 I*l£i6 J6 22 2i26 id sa^n— g^lFr" N 
































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l/yCW MOLD "3 



from March 16 to March 26, after which the temperature steadily 

dropped until April 
2, when steam was 
again generated in 
the donkey boilers, 
the heat immediately 
affecting the temper- 
ature of the corn, 
which increased 22 
degrees in four days. 
On April 6 the corn 
surrounding ther- 
mometer 19 had a 
temperature of 106° 
F. as compared with 
a temperature of 
but 59° F. for the 
corn surrounding 
thermometer 20. 
It will be seen in 
Table 14 that the corn surrounding thermometer 19, opposite the 
donkey boilers, underwent by far the most deterioration. Sample 




Fig. 22. — Hold 3: Temperature records showing the effect of boiler 
heat on the temperature ol corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



36 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



No. 19, which was fastened to thermometer 19, as compared with 
sample No. 20, which was fastened to thermometer 20, showed a 
greater increase in acidity during the voyage by 10.8 c. c, and a 
greater decrease in germination by 59 per cent, sound kernels by 47 
per cent, and weight per bushel by 3.5 pounds. 

CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND CONDITION OF THE NATURAL CORN IN HOLD NO. 4. 

During the voyage the natural corn in hold 4 became hot and 
badly damaged in the upper part of the hold and along the shaft 

tunnel in the bottom, 
as is shown in figure 
23. The greatest 
damage in the corn 
occurred near the 
surface and de- 
creased with the dis- 
tance downward. 

The temperature 
of the corn in this 
hold as loaded varied 
from 50° to 62° F. 
In the first 11 days 
of the ocean voyage 
ending March 12, the 
temperature near the 
surface about 20 feet 
back from the en- 
gine-room bulkhead 
increased from 55° to 
68° F. ; by March 29 
the temperature had 
reached 114° F. and 
by April 6, it was 
128° F. as shown by 
the temperature rec- 
ord for thermometer 
22 in figure 23. The 
temperature of the 
corn located about 4 
feet down increased 




21 21 7 CIO I 

6C48I 839 135 

23 1 6c CI.9 106 

68 ISO 309 107 

31 168 29 7 89 
26 13.6 26.3 95 

26 160 32 9 I 16 
70 163 32.1 122 

72 186 27.9 

27 186 287 

32 186 26.2 

33 183 28C 
36 186 2C6 
3C 182 22 9 

29 I8C 232 

30 ISA- 2C.3 



S 3 

126 43 3 189 22 

--I3C 35 6 195 65 

1~I3C 28 C 161 66 

HglsMsfA/taOAflD' 35 4 - &9 '33 67 

*-l>**t*w*f~t>i»raiBiraH« "~""6 37 ' '80 2C 

--I25 33A 160 69 

-86 2C.I '86 71 



66 22 I 19.0 76 

■77 21 I 190 75 

59 2CA 182 35 

6C 2C.3 181 77 




^3 



E^ 




Fig. 23.— Hold 4: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and sam- 
ples secured in Denmark. Heavy shading represents heat- 
damaged corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



at about the same rate as at the surface, but did not start to increase 
so soon; the temperature at this point was 115° F. on April 6, as 
compared with 128° F. for the surface corn. (See temperature 
record for thermometer 24.) 

It was still longer before the increase in temperature of the corn 
located about 12 feet below the surface began to be pronounced. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



37 



APRIL 



By March 26, the temperature had increased to 93° F., after which 
it remained practically stationary until April 2, but during the next 
five days it showed a rapid increase and was 116° F. on April 7, as 
is shown by the temperature record for thermometer 26. It should 
be noted that the tem- 
perature increased rap- 
idly in the three posi- 
tions mentioned from 
the 12th to the 24th 
of March, a period of 
the voyage during 
which the weather 
was rough. Ther- 
mometer 28 , located 
about two-thirds of 
the distance down in 
the hold, indicated a 
temperature of 66° F. 
on April 8, which was 
an increase of but 9 
degrees during the 
voyage. The temper- 
ature of the corn near 
the bottom of the 
hold varied somewhat 
with the water tem- 
perature, reaching its 
maximum of 67° F. 
on March 10, after 
which it gradually decreased to 49 
the water temperature was 33° F. 




Fig. 24.— Hold 4: Temperature records showing the effect of heat 
from the engines on the temperature of corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 

F. on April 7, at which time 



Table 14. — Effect of boiler heat on the corn. 





Location along the bulkhead. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 


Sample 
No. 


Tem- 
pera- 
ture. 


Acid- 
ity. 


Moist- 
ure. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


19 




° F. 
38 
6 


c. c. 
12.6 
1.8 


Per cent. 
2.2 
2.6 


Per cent. 
59 


Per cent. 
58.4 
10.7 


Pounds. 
3.75 


20 




.25 









1 No change. 



Note that the temperature of the corn was over 100° F. near the 
surface for 14 days before it was discharged, 4 feet under the surface 
for 13 davs, and 12 feet under the surface for 3 days. 



38 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



INFLUENCE OF ENGINE HEAT ON THE CORN. 

It will be seen by the temperature records in figure 24 that the 
temperature of the corn located next to the bulkhead separating hold 
4 from the engine room was influenced to a considerable extent by 
the temperature in the engine room, expecially during the early part 
of the voyage. 

There was an unventilated water-tank space next to the engine 
room bulkhead in the upper part of the hold, which was separated 
from the cargo space by a board bulkhead that was not air-tight. 
Thermometer 23, which was located next to the tank-space bulkhead 
in the upper part of the corn, indicated an increase from 60° to 90° F., 
or an increase of 30 degrees the first 8 days ending March 10, during 
which time the corn stowed the same height but about 20 feet back 
from the bulkhead increased only 3 degrees and did not reach 9C° F. 
until about March 21, 11 days later. 

Table 15. — Condition of the natural corn in hold 4 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the hold, from top to 
bottom. 

[T 21, etc., represents samples in crossed-wire containers, fastened to resistance thermometers of the same 
numbers; * indicates not included in the average.] 



Sam- 


Temperature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 

bushel. 


ple 
No. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


T21 
T22 

*6i 


"F. 

52 
54 

56 
56 

56 
60 
56 

57 
56 

57 
57 
53 
55 

55 
54 
55 


°F. 
117 
128 
*135 
134 
134 
135 
106 
116 
107 
125 
89 
95 
116 
122 
86 
77 
93 
66 
110 
77 
66 
85 
95 
74 
59 
64 
59 
77 
67 


P.cf. 
19.5 
19.1 



19.3 
19.0 

18.6 

18.6 
18.5 

18.6 
18.8 

19.1 

19.0 
19.2 

18. S 

is. 7 

19. 7 
18.9 


P. ct. 
21.7 
18.9 
*41.1 
19.5 
16.1 
19.3 
16.4 
18.5 
19.0 
16.0 
16.8 
13.6 
16.0 
19.3 
18.6 
18.6 
18.5 
17.8 
17.2 
19.0 
19.0 
18.6 
18.3 
18.6 
18.2 
18.1 
18.2 
18.4 
18.4 


c.e. 
20.1 
20.2 

20.0 
24.6 

19.5 
20.1 
18.6 

19.2 

18.7 

21.1 
20.7 
18.5 
18.7 

20.3 
20.4 
19.8 


c.c. 
41.0 
43.9 

*83.9 
35.6 
28.4 
45.9 
41.9 
37.1 
30.9 
33.4 
29.7 
26.3 
32.9 
32.1 
24.1 
27.9 
28.7 
24.4 
29.0 
21.1 
22.1 
26.2 
28.4 
24.6 
22.9 
24.3 
24.4 
24.3 
23.2 


P.ct. 
60 
73 

73 

58 

63 
73 
62 

70 
66 

58 
70 
68 
71 

61 

67 

77 


P. ct. 





*0 







6 







22 

52 

16 



38 

29 



68 

6 

54 

42 

27 

9 

65 

69 

22 

69 

59 

68 


P. ct. 
95.5 
91.1 

94.0 
93.0 

94.4 
97.5 
92.8 

96.3 
95.9 

94.1 

92.7 
95. 5 ■ 
95.1 

97.0 
94.2 
95.4 


P. ct. 





*0 

13.7 





29.6 



15.9 



55.8 

86.4 

42.7 

34.5 

84.7 

83.0 

57.2 

95. 8 

49.5 

85.8 

91.9 

89.7 

55.5 

96.0 

86. :< 

84.6 

95. 4 

86.0 

94.5 


Pounds. 
53.25 
53.50 


Pounds. 
45.50 
43.25 


65 




48.00 


66 




48. 25 


67 




45.50 


T23 
T24 

68 


52.50 
54.50 


49. 50 
51.00 
49.00 


69 




49.50 


T31 
T25 


54.25 
53.50 
53.75 


50.75 


T26 

70 


49.75 
49.25 


71 




50. 50 


72 




51.00 


T27 

T2S 
73 


53.00 
54.00 


48.00 
53.00 
51.00 


75 




51.75 


76 




52.00 


T32 
T33 
T36 
T34 


52.00 
53.75 
53.25 
54.00 


50.00 
50.00 
51.50 
53.50 

48.75 


T35 

T30 
T29 


54.00 
53.50 
53.25 


53. 25 
52.50 
52.25 



During the first part of the voyage, to March 23, thermometer 25, 
located against the lower part of the tank-space bulkhead about 10 
feet from the surface, also indicated a higher temperature than ther- 
mometer 26, located the same height but some distance back in the 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 39 

hold. During the remainder of the voyage the temperature of the 
corn stowed next to the tank-space bulkhead did not vary a great 
deal until the last few days when it increased 21 degrees in 3 days 
near the surface of the corn and 15 degrees in 4 days 10 feet below 
the surface. The temperature of the corn stowed back from the 
tank space continued to increase irregularly during the whole of the 
voyage and reached 115° F. near the surface and 116° F. 10 feet 
below the surface before it was discharged. Thermometer 27, located 
next to the engine room bulkhead about 20 feet from the surface of 
the corn indicated an increase from 56° to 90° F., or an increase of 
34 degrees during the first 12 days ending March 14, as compared 
with an increase from 56° to 62° F., or 6 degrees, in the corn stowed 
the same height but some distance back from the bulkhead, as was 
indicated by thermometer 28. From March 14 on there was but 
little change in either position. The temperature of the corn near 
the bottom varied somewhat with the water temperature, as is 
shown by the temperature records for thermometers 29 and 30, that 
near the bulkhead being generally somewhat higher than the corn 
some distance back. 

The corn stowed next to the tunnel was affected by the heat which 
penetrated the tunnel from the engine room, the details of which are 
explained under the discussion of the changes that took place in the 
corn in hold 5. 

The changes in the condition of the corn during the voyage in 
various positions of stowage in the hold are shown in Table 15. The 
averages of the corn as discharged were: Acidity 29.8 c. c, germina- 
tion 25.8 per cent, sound kernels 54.1 per cent, and 49.93 pounds test 
weight per bushel, which was an average increase during the voyage 
of 9.8 c. c. in acidity, and an average decrease of 41.1 per cent in ger- 
mination, 40.5 per cent in sound kernels, and a little over 3.5 pounds 
in test weight per bushel. 

CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND CONDITION OF THE NATURAL CORN IN HOLD NO. 5. 

About one-fifth of the natural corn in hold 5 became heat damaged 
while it was in the vessel. The heating corn was found at the top 
to about one-fourth the distance down and also along the shaft 
tunnel. In the heating corn on top the highest temperature and the 
greatest damage were found at the surface, while in the heating 
corn along the shaft tunnel, the highest temperature and the greatest 
damage were found in the corn located against the tunnel. 

The temperature of the corn in this hold at time of loading varied 
from 53° to 55° F. During the voyage the corn near the surface 
on a level with the main deck gradually increased in temperature 
until it reached a maximum of 122° F. on April 2, 3 days before 
the ship was docked, as is shown by the temperature records for 
thermometer 38 in figure 25. The temperature of the corn about 



40 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



/ 


























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RCH 






























APRIL 






3 ! 


140 
130 

1^.120 




























































































































































































































































































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5 feet below the surface and the remainder of the corn in the hold, 
excepting that which was located on and near the shaft tunnel, 
changed but little before the cargo arrived in Denmark, as is shown 
by the temperature records for thermometers 38 and 41. But, 
during the discharge of the cargo, which took 15 days, the corn 
at the new surfaces formed from day to day would frequently get hot 
from one day to another. Thus the corn nearly halfway down in 

the hold was cool 
and sound when it 
was first exposed but 
got hot before it was 
discharged, as is 
shown by sample No. 
82 in figure 25, which 
had a temperature 
of 112° F. This 
same condition also 
occurred in the corn 
in hold 4. 

Table 16 shows 
the condition of the 
individual samples 
as discharged as 
compared to the 
condition as loaded. 
It will be seen in 
Table 10 that the 
averages for the corn 
as discharged were: 
Acidity, 26.3 c. c, 
germination 29.9 per 
cent, sound kernels 
72.9 per cent, and 
weight per bushel 
50.6 pounds, which 
was an average in- 
crease from the con- 
dition as loaded of 
5.9 c. c. in acidity, and an average decrease of 36.9 per cent in germin- 
ation, 21.1 per cent in sound kernels, and 2.75 pounds in test weight 
per bushel. 

INFLUENCE OF TUNNEL HEAT. 

The temperature of the corn located next to the shaft tunnel in 
holds 4 and 5 was noticeably affected by the tunnel temperature, as 
is shown in figures 26 and 27. The tunnel was constructed from 
steel and was unprotected, excepting that part of it which was 




39 --- 25 6 

41 18.6 262 61 

40 184- 28S 35 

85 187 23 I 



- I 18 25.1 18.6 78 

— 70 23 9 ISA 79 

-- 95 26 7 186 81 
- 62 23 8 186 83 



75 24.2 174 84 




Fig. 25.— Hold 5: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and sam- 
ples secured in Denmark. Heavy shading represents heal- 
damaged corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



41 





























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directly under the hatches, where it had a plank covering. In hold 
4, five thermometers were placed in the corn the same height as the 
top of the tunnel, as is illustrated in figure 26. Thermometer 36 was 
located on the steel side of the ship, where the temperature varied 
with and was always about the same as that of the sea water. 
Two thermometers were placed halfway between the tunnel and the 
outside, thermometer 34 on the port side and 35 on the starboard side, 
and the temperature of the corn in both of these positions remained 
practically the same throughout the whole of the voyage. The two 
remaining thermometers were placed on the tunnel, thermometer 32 
on the unprotected steel part and 33 on the plank protected part. 
The temperature records for thermometers 32 and 33 show that the 
temperature next to 
the tunnel remained 
unchanged until the 
ship began to sail at 
the beginning of the 
voyage, after which 
there was an imme- 
diate and rapid in- 
•crease during the 
next seven days, 
reaching a maximum 
of95°F.onMarchlO. 
During this periodthe 
corn that was located 
against the steel part 
of the tunnel was the 
first to show a rapid 
increase, and also the 
greatest daily in- 
crease, in temperatures. After March 10 there was a decided drop in 
both the air and water temperatures, and also a corresponding drop 
in the temperature of the corn next to the tunnel. The corn, how- 
ever, remained above 80° F. until April 1, after which there was again 
a decided drop in temperature corresponding to the drop in the air 
and water temperatures at this time. The corn located against the 
steel part of the tunnel was, however, in this case the first to show 
the decrease, and also showed the greatest daily decrease, a condition 
which was just the reverse of that at the beginning of the voyage. 
This illustrates the fact that the unprotected steel tunnel is a better 
conductor of heat than when it is protected by a plank sheeting. 
During practically the whole of the voyage, the temperature of the 
corn stowed next to the tunnel was over 20 degrees higher than the 
temperature of the corn stowed halfway out from the tunnel. 



33 183 28 4- 85 
36 186 24.6 74 

34 182 22.3 59 




* 3 



95 262 18 6 32 
33 2*A 18.2 35 



Fig. 26.— Hold 4: Temperature records of the electrical resistance ther- 
mometers and 'trap" samples located at the height of the top of 
the shaft tunnel. Samples secured in Denmark. Heavy shading 
represents heat-damaged corn. (Cargo No. 2.) 



42 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 16. — Condition of the natural corn in hold 5 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the hold, from top to 
bottom. 

[T 37, etc., represents samples in crossed-wire containers fastened to resistance thermometers of the same 
numbers; * indicates not included in the average.] 



Sam- 


Temperature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


ple 

No. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


AS 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


T37 

78 


°F. 

53 

53 

54 
55 

54 


"F. 

122 

118 
70 
64 

140 
95 

112 
62 
71 
95 
75 
61 
63 


F.ct. 
19.1 

19.2 

IS. 7 
is. 4 

18.3 


P. ct. 
11.1 

18.6 
18.4 
IS. 4 
17.1 
18.6 
17.5 
18.6 

'"'isT 
17.4 
18.6 
18.7 


c. c. 

19.9 

22. 4 

19.5 
19.9 

20.6 


c. c. 
29.0 
25.1 
23.9 
31.3 
29.7 
26.7 
25.4 
23. S 
29.6 
2S.5 
24.2 
26.2 
23.1 


P.ct. 

75 

66 

62 
63 

68 


P. ct. 

20 



55 

55 



30 

44 

49 

4 



13 

58 

61 


P.ct. 
93. 2 

90.3 

95.9 
95.1 

95.5 


P. ct. 
47.7 
64.0 
93.7 
89.0 

80.0 
88.6 
95.7 
89.8 
35.2 
87.2 
84.8 
92.4 


Pounds. 
53. 75 


Pounds. 
51.00 
49.50 


79 




52.00 


T3S 

80 


52. 50 


52.00 
47.75 


81 




49.25 


82 




49.25 


83 




50.25 


T 39 


53.25 
53.50 




T40 

84 


51.00 
51.00 


T41 

85 


53.75 


52.00 
51.75 









The influence of the tunnel heat on the corn in hold 5, is illustrated 
by the temperature records for thermometers 39, 40, and 41 in figure 

27. Thermometer 40" 
was located on the 
steel part of the tun- 
nel, thermometer 39 
about 3 feet above 
the plank covered 
part of the tunnel, 
and thermometer 41 
the same height as the 
top of the tunnel but 
halfway out toward 
the side of the ship. 
Thermometer 40 indi- 
cated a rapid increase 
in temperature during 

Fig. 27.— Hold 5: Temperature records of the electrical resistance the first Week alter 

thermometers, location of the thermometers, and "trap" samples ,i vessel Sailed and 

located at the height of the top of the shaft tunnel. Samples se- ^ ' 

cured in Denmark. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged registered 95 F. Oil 

corn, (cargo No. 2.) March 10. The tem- 

perature decreased to 86° F. on March 11, after which it did not vary 
much until the steamship arrived at Denmark, when the temperature 
dropped 16 degrees in four days. The temperature of the corn 
along the tunnel varied with the water and air temperature, but was 
considerably higher after the first few days. Thermometer 39 
located 3 feet above the plank covered part of the tunnel registered 




- 256 71 
40 18.4. £8.5 95 
4-1 16 6 26.2 61 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



43 



an increase of but 17 degrees during the voyage, and thermometer 41 
located halfway out registered an increase of only 7 degrees. The 
temperature of the corn stowed against the tunnel did not go above 
95° F. in either hold, but the corn became sour and moldy and was in 
a dangerous condition for storage after it was discharged. 

Table 17.— Changes that tool place in the condition of the corn located on the shaft tunnel 
compared with the changes in the com stowed the same height in the holds but located 
halfway between the tunnel and the side of the vessel. 



Sample No. 



Hold 4: 

32 

33 

32 and 33i 
34 and 36- 

Hold 5: 

40 

41 



Location. 



On tunnel, wooden part — 

On tunnel, steel part 

On tunnel 

T unn el height, halfway out 



On tunnel 

T unn el height, halfway out 



Increase 
in tem- 
perature. 



F. 



Decrease 



moisture, 
content. 



Per cent. 
0.5 



.0 

3.3 



Increase 
in 

acidity. 



25.5 
38.5 
32.0 

25.7 

42.5 

28.0 



Decrease 
in germi- 
nation. 



Per cent. 

31 

01 

40 

2 

03 
10 



Decrease 
in sound 
kernels. 



Per cent. 

4.4 
37.2 
20.8 

4.0 

59.9 
10.7 



Decrease 

in weight 

per 

bushel. 



Pounds. 
2.00 
3.75 
2.87 
1.12 

2.50 
1.75 



i Data represent averages for samples Nos. 32 and 33. 
- Data represent averages for samples Nos. 34 and 30. 
3 Increase. 

It will be seen in Table 17 that the corn stowed against the tunnel 
underwent a more severe deterioration than the corn stowed the 
same height but halfway out toward the side of the hold; and also, 
that the corn stowed along the steel side of the tunnel became more 
damaged than the corn stowed against the plank covered part of the 
tunnel. 

"SWEAT" AND FERMENTATION IN THE HOLDS. 

The effects of "sweat" were shown very distinctly immediately 
under the hatch combings and deck beams in each hold. The 
"sweat" which condensed on the under side of the deck fell on the 
surface of the corn where it supplied the necessary moisture for 
fermentation. While the amount of corn that was damaged by 
"sweat" alone was not very large, the fermentation which it started 
and the heat which was generated, spread to the unaffected parts 
and in that way caused much damage as a result of the long voyage. 
This condition usually happens early in the voyage. Table 18 
shows the result of "sweat" on the corn located immediately under 
the hatch beams. 

Table 18. — Effect of "siveat" on the corn ivhich was located immediately under the hatch 

beams. 



Sample No. 


Hold 
No. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Acidity. 


Sound 
kernels. 


43 


1 
2 

3 

4 


°F. 
110 
138 
155 
13.3 


Per cent. 
43.6 
34.6 
54.6 
48.1 


Pounds. 
0) 
48.00 

(') 
(') 


Per cent. 






c. c. 
65.7 
75.5 
110.8 
83.9 


Per cent. 



52 





61 





64 










i Too wet. 



44 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



In fermenting corn, the r oisture contained within the kernels is 
liberated quite rapidly, and escapes in the form of vapor. After the 
cargo arrived in Aalborg, the hot corn under the hatch in hold 2 was 
discharged to a depth of about 8 feet, and then the hatch closed 
again. While the hatch was open, there was no "sweat" dropping 
from the hatch beams because the heated moisture-laden air escaped 
through ventilation, but, a short time after the hatch had been 
closed the water was found to be dripping from the deck and hatch 
beams quite rapidly, which stopped again after the hatch had been 
opened a few minutes. During the voyage all of the ventilators 
leading to the corn were kept closed. 

CORRELATION OF THE CHANGES IN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE CORN AND THE 
CHANGES IN SOUND KERNELS, ACIDITY, GERMINATION, AND TEST WEIGHT PER 
BUSHEL. 

It was seen in the tables giving the detailed analyses of the samples 
that considerable change took place in the temperature and con- 
dition of the corn in 
the various positions 
of stowage while the 
corn was in the vessel. 
The increase in the 
temperature of the 
corn in the holds of a 
vessel is brought about 
principa lly through 
(1) inherent causes, 
usually fermentation, 
which produces heat, 
and (2) external in- 
fluences, such as higher 
air and sea-water 



SO to 74- 
75ro 99 
/00tv/24 
125 to/49 



* & 
S I 




5070 7 4 
75 to 99 
/OOto/24 
I25toI49 




50to 74 
75to 99 
/OOto/2 
I25to/49 



50ro 74 
7 5 to 99 
/OOto/24% 
/25to/49 



Average Acidity - C.C. 



38.1 



Average Germ in a tion — °/o 



Average. Sound Kernels- °/o 



\94 



17* 



14-0 



Average Weight per BusREL-Lbs. 



1537 
152. 



temperatures and the 
heat from the ship's 
machinery, which 
penetrates the cargo 
holds and frequently 
induces fermentation. 
As the corn in bulk 
does not afford suffi- 
cient ventilation for 
the heat to escape, 
the temperature con- 
tinues to increase un- 
til the corn gets hot. The maximum temperature recorded in this 
cargo as discharged was 155° F. 



15/0 

150.4 

\4.B.O 



3" CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED 
BH - CONDITION OF THE CORN AS DISCHARGED 
Fig. 28. — Diagram showing the correlation of the temperature and 
condition of the corn samples in crossed-wire containers as loaded 
and as discharged. (Cargo No. 2.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



45 



The temperature of hot corn cf^en decreases after the corn 
been fermenting for some time, due n? 
doubt to the more or less complete de- 
struction of the compounds and tissues 
upon which the biochemical processes act. 

By examining figure 28, it will be seen 
that there is a close relation between the 
deterioration of the corn and the increase 
in temperature. 

CARGO No. 3. 

Cargo No. 3 consisted of 145,714 bushels 
of natural corn. The corn was loaded De- 
cember 22 and 23 , 1911. The vessel sailed 
December 24 and arrived in Bremerhaven 
January 7, where the corn was discharged 
from January 10 to 14. The length of 
the ocean voyage was 14 days. The max- 
imum time that any of the corn was in 
the vessel was 23 days and the average 
time 21 days. 



has 



STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

The steamship had six cargo holds, as 
is shown in figure 29, and each of the 
holds was only partly filled with corn. 
The vessel had two shaft tunnels running 
through the bottom of holds 3, 4, 5, and 6, 
one of which carried steam pipes that sup- 
plied the steam for the rudder machinery. 
Both tunnels were ventilated. 

CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 

The condition of the corn as loaded is 
shown in Tables 19 and 20. The averages 
for the various factors in the corn as loaded 
were as follows : Moisture content 19.3 per 
cent, acidity 16.8 c. c, germination 73.4 per- 
cent, sound kernels 93.4 per cent, weight 
per bushel 54.5 pounds. The corn at 
this time had an average temperature of 
32° F. It will be noted that the corn 
was in very sound condition as indicated 
by the extremely low acidity test of 16.8 
c. c. 



1 




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46 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 19. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. S, as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Hold. 



Tempera- 
ture. 



Moisture 
content. 



Acidity. 



Germina- 
tion. 



Sound 
kernels. 



Weight 

per 
bushel. 



Holdl 
As 
As 

Hold 2: 
As 
As 

Hold 3 
As 
As 

Hold 4: 
As 
As 

Hold 5 
As 
As 

Hold 6 
As 
As 



loaded 

discharged . 



loaded 

discharged. 



loaded 

discharged. 



loaded 

discharged . 



loaded 

discharged. 



loaded 

discharged . 



o K 

32. 0- 32. 
36. 0- 37. 



30.0- 31. 
34.0- 41. 



31.0- 32. 
33. 0- 48. 



31.0- 46. 
42. 0-132. 



27. 0- 32. 
32.0-119. 



28. 0- 32 

37. 0- 52 



Per cent. 
18.7-19.0 
18. 1-18. 6 

18.3-18.8 

17.4-18.8 

18.1-19.7 
17.6-19.4 

19.l-20.fi 
17.9-26.8 

19. 1-20. 8 
18.6-22.9 

18.4-19.3 
18. 3-18. 9 



14.6-15.0 
18.5-20.5 

15. 5-16. 5 
17.5-20.5 

14.0-18.0 
16. 0-19. 

16.0-20.5 
18.0-46.0 

16.5-19.0 
17.5-37.0 

15.5-17.0 
18.0-18.0 



Per cent. 
74.0-80.0 
79. 0-82. 

71.0-81.0 
66. 0-78. 

71.0-80.0 
60. 0-87. 

61.0-78.0 
0-82.0 

55. 0-85. 
0-84. 

82.0-91.0 
SO. 0-91.0 



Per cent. 
90. 8-94. 5 
89. 8-95. 8 

93. 1-95. 3 
92. 0-94. 3 

90. 8-96. 2 
82. 8-97. 

91.2-94.7 
0-96.3 

90. 6-95. 7 
0-95. 8 

95. 7-98. 7 
92. 1-97. 1 



Pounds. 

51.0-55.5 

53.7-54.2 

53. 5-55. 5 
53.5-56.0 

54. 0-55. 5 
52. 3-55. 

53.0-56.0 
41.5-56.0 

52. 0-55. 
46. 0-54. > 

55. 0-56. 
54. 5-55. 



PORT | 



~\STAffBO A/fO 



V) 



li 



20 33 250 

21 66 180 

22 81 190 

31 SI 2Q5 

32 20 250 

24 73 I ao 

23 64 1 95 

25 30 24-0 

27 72 1 95 

26 72 2Q0 

28 82 180 



K 


BOVr TANK 

1 


.1 


roi'JcoL Sr *£Z?"'° 


46 


'. 


\ - - 










62 
SO 
61- 

68 


I 


fJJt^ 




— ^ ' 1_^1_ 



K s 3 •o 

86 275 15 33 

85 270 35 

90 295 27 29 

65 195 65 '39 

48 185 68 38 

50 I S5 77 37 

128 460 O 36 

132 360 O 30 

59 310 13 34 




Fig. 30.— Illustrating the position of stowage of the corn in holds 
4, 5, and 6, cargo No. 3, and the effect of the heat from the shaft 
tunnel on the corn surrounding the starboard tunnel. The heavy 
shading represents heat-damaged com as discharged. (Cargo 
No. 3.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



47 



Table 20. — Condition of the corn in cargo No. 3 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the com was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from top to 
bottom. 



Hold and sample 
No. 



Tempera- 
ture. 



£■& 



"D 60 



Moisture 
content. 



£■& 



Acidity. 



•2d 



Germina- 
tion. 



la ® 



"O BO 



Sound ker- 
nels. 



o-3 



Aid 



Weight per 
bushel. 






Ad 

3S, 



Hold 1: 

1... 

2... 

3... 
Hold 2: 

4... 

5... 

6... 

7... 
Hold 3: 



9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

Hold 4: 

Port side — 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

2S 
Middle—" 

33 

29 

30 

31 

32 

34. 

Starboard side- 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 
Hold 5: 

Port side — 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

Starboard side- 

47 

48 

49 

Hold 6: 

50 

51 



33 



'F. 
36 
37 



132 
68 
62 
59 

85 
128 
50 
48 
65 



37 
38 
45 
32 
32 
41 
50 

47 
42 
119 

37 
52 



P.ct, 
18.9 
IS. 7 
19.0 



IS. 3 
18.7 

IS. 8 



IS. 2 
19.7 
19. 
18.5 
IS. 7 
18.1 
19.1 
19.2 
18.7 



19.6 
19.1 
19.3 
19.5 
19. 4 
19.3 
19.8 
19.6 
19.7 

19 3 



20.6 



19.8 
20.8 
19.1 
19.3 
19.5 
20.0 
20.5 



19.3 
18.4 



P.ct. 
18.5 
18.6 
18.1 

17.9 
18.2 
17.4 
18.8 

19.2 

19.0 
19.4 
17.5 
18.1 

IS. 4 
18.7 
18.0 
17.9 
18.8 
19.0 
17.6 



18.6 
18.9 
18.7 
19.0 
19.0 
18.5 
18.6 
19.3 
18.7 

18.4 
18.6 
18.6 
19.1 
19.1 
18.9 

18.1 
26.8 
19.1 
17.9 
19.2 



18.6 
19.6 
19.2 
19.3 
19.0 
19.6 
18.9 

20.5 
19.4 
22.9 

IS. 9 
18.3 



15.0 
14.0 
15.0 



15.5 
16. 5 
16.0 



17.5 
15.5 
16.5 
14.0 
16.0 
17.0 
17.5 
1S.0 
14.5 



17.0 
17.5 
18.0 
17.0 
17.0 
10.5 
19.0 
17.0 
17.0 

16.0 



20.5 



18.0 
19.0 
19.0 
16.5 
17.0 
18.0 
17.5 



17 
15.5 



c. c. 
20.0 
20.5 
18.5 

18.0 
17.5 
20.5 
19.0 

19.0 
17.5 
19.0 
17.0 
18.0 
17.0 
IS. 5 
16.0 
16.0 
18.0 
17.5 
19.0 



25.0 
18.0 
19.0 
19.5 
18.0 
24.0 
20.0 
19.5 
18.0 

27.5 
29.5 
36.0 
20.5 
25.0 
31.0 

27.0 
46.0 
18.5 
18.5 
19.5 



21.5 
20.5 
19.0 
18.0 
17.5 
17.5 
20.5 

21.0 
17.5 
37.0 

IS 
18.0 



P.ct. 
79 
73 
79 



P.ct. 
82 

SO 
79 

78 
75 
66 
75 

75 
75 
60 
71 
76 
69 
77 
77 
85 
76 
83 
74 



P.ct. 
90.8 
91.5 
94.5 



93.1 
95.3 
95.0 



92.1 
93.5 
95.2 
96.2 
94.2 
90.8 
91.5 
92.9 
93.6 



93.0 
93.2 
91.2 
92.9 
94. 7 
93.0 
92.2 
92.0 
93.9 



15 93. 8 
27 

51 
20 
13 



91.7 
94.3 
95.7 
93.0 
94.6 
92.3 
90.6 



95.7 
98. 7 



P.ct. 
90.9 
89.8 
95.8 

92.7 
92.0 
93.1 
94.3 

89.1 
94.6 
88.3 
93.6 
94.0 
97.0 
82.8 
97.0 
95.1 
93.9 
91.0 
92.6 



59.0 
90.4 
87.7 
92.2 
87.3 
75.2 
89.4 
90.2 
88.7 

55.6 
51.2 



88.6 
67.8 
53.8 

2.2 



96.3 

91.0 

S8.5 



90.6 
87.6 
94.4 
95.8 
94.5 
93.2 
85.5 

91.4 

94.2 



92.1 
97.1 



Lbs. 
55.50 
54.50 
54.00 



53.50 
54.50 
55.50 



55.(10 
54.00 
54.00 
55.00 
55. 00 
55.50 
54.50 
54.00 
55.00 



55.00 
56. 00 
53.50 
65.00 
55. 00 
54.60 
53.00 
54.00 
54.50 

55.00 



54.75 



52.50 
54.00 
54.50 
55.00 
55.00 
52.00 
55. 00 



56. 00 
55.00 



Lbs. 
54.00 
54.50 
53.75 

56.00 
54.00 
54.50 
53.50 

55.00 
54. 00 
52.00 
54.00 
52.50 
52.25 
53.50 
54.50 
54.25 
53.75 
54. 50 
54.00 



50.75 
55.00 
54.00 
52.75 
53.00 
50.75 
53. 25 
52.75 
53.00 

50.50 
45.25 
43.50 
53.00 
56.00 
51.00 

45.50 
41.50 
55.00 
55.00 
51.25 



52.25 
54.00 
53.25 
53.00 
54.00 
53.25 
53.00 

52.50 
54.50 
46.00 

55.00 
54.50 



TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE AND CONDITION OF THE CORN AS 

DISCHARGED. 

The top of the corn in each hold of the vessel was either below or 
near the water line. In holds 1, 2, and 3 there was very little change 
in the condition of the corn during the voyage, as shown in figure 29 
and Table 20. In holds 4, 5, and 6, which contained two shaft tunnels 



48 



BULLETIN 7G4, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



along the bottom, the corn became badly damaged over and along 
the starboard tunnel. This is illustrated in figure 30. It will be seen 
in the cross section of hold 4 that samples Nos. 30 and 36, which were 
taken from the corn a short distance above the starboard tunnel, had a 
temperature of 132 and 128° F. and tested 36 and 46 c. c. in acidity. 
The corn in both samples had lost all vitality and was badly discolored. 
Compared to these, samples Nos. 37, 38, and 39, which were taken in 
the starboard tank from about the same height, butsomedistance away, 

did not exceed 65° F. in 
temperature and 19.5 
c. c. in acidity, and 
sample No. 35, which 
was taken from directly 
above the tunnel, but 
near the surface of the 
corn, had a temperature 
of but 85° F. Sample 
No. 29, which was also 
taken from above this 
tunnel, but near the sur- 
face of the corn, had a 
temperature of 90° F. 
The starboard shaft tun- 
nel, which had the two 
steam pipes in it, had a 
temperature inside the 
tunnel considerably 
higher than the tem- 
perature in the port 
shaft tunnel, which did 
not have any steam 
pipes in it. The corn 
surrounding the port 
shaft tunnel was 
"packed," moldy, and 
sour, and had a higher 
temperature than the 
corn a short distance 
away from the tunnel, but it was not hot or discolored. The same con- 
dition of damaged corn along and over the starboard shaft tunnel, 
as found in hold 4, was also found in holds 5 and 6, as will be seen 
from the cross sections of these holds. Sample No. 49, which was 
taken from the corn about a foot from the starboard shaft tunnel in 
hold 5, had a temperature of 119° F., and an acidity of 37 c. c, while 
sample No. 47, taken from directly above it, near the surface of the 
corn, had a temperature of only 47° F, and an acidity of 21 c. c, and 




WM = CONDITION OF THE CORN A3 LOADED 
m=COHD/T/OM OF THE CORN A3 DISCHARGED 

Fig. 31.— Correlation of the temperature and condition of the corn 
as loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 3. ) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



49 



sample No. 42, taken from the corn about a foot from the port tunnel, 
had a temperature of 45° F., and an 
acidity of only 19 c. c. Sample No. 43, 
which was taken from the same height 
in the corn, but half-way between the 
tunnel and the outside of the hold, had a 
temperature still colder, 32° F., and an 
acidity of only IS c. c. Table 19 shows 
the total range in each factor and condi- 
tion of the corn by holds as loaded and 
as discharged. Table 20 shows the con- 
dition of each sample taken from the corn 
as it was being loaded and the condition 
of each sample that was taken from the 
corn as being discharged. The correla- 
tion of temperature changes and changes 
in condition of the corn is illustrated in 
figure 31. 

CARGO No. 4. 






Cargo No. 4 consisted of 197,142 bush- 
els of natural corn. The corn was loaded 
February 20 and 21, 1911. The vessel 
sailed February 22 and arrived at Brem- 
erhaven on March 8, where the corn was 
discharged March 9 to 16. The length 
of the ocean voyage was 14 days. The 
maximum time that any of the corn was 
in the vessel was 24 days and the average 
time 20 days. 

STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

The steamship had six cargo holds, as 
is shown in figure 32. Hold 3 was en- 
tirely filled with corn, and the remaining 
holds were only partly filled with corn. 
The vessel had two shaft tunnels running 
through the bottom of holds 4, 5, and 6, 
neither of which tunnels carried steam 
pipes and both of which were ventilated. 

CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 



The condition of the corn as loaded 
is shown in Tables 21 and 22. The 
averages for the various factors of the corn as loaded w 
95190°— 19— Bull. 764 4 



ere as 



50 



BULLETIN" 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



follows: Moisture content 19.5 per cent, acidity 21.0 c. c, germina- 
tion 69.9 per cent, sound kernels 94.0 per cent, weight per bushel 
53.4 pounds. The corn at the time of loading had an average tem- 
perature of 37.6° F. 

Table 21. — Range in the principal factors, showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. 4, as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Hold. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


Hold 1: 


°F. 
35. 0- 37. 
39. 0- 49. 

34. 0- 34. 
39. 0- 44. 

34. 0- 39. 
40. 0-118. 

35. 0- 48. 
40. 0- 79. 

36. 0- 38. 
38. 0- 65. 

37. 0- 38. 

39. 0- 60. 


Per cent. 
19.4-19.6 
19. 3-19. 6 

19. 0-19. 9 
18. 6-20. 4 

18. 5-20. 3 
18. 4-38. 1 

18. 9-20. 7 
18. 1-20. 8 

17.6-19.7 
17. 7-20. 

18. 8-19. 
18. 5-19. 2 


20. 6-21. 
20. 5-20. 5 

19. 0-22. 
20. 5-27. 

19. 5-22. 5 
17. 0-49. 

19. 5-23. 
19. 0-39. 

20. 0-25. 
18. 0-24. 5 

20. 0-20. 
18. 0-21. 


Per cent. 
61. 0-63. 
56. 0-66. 

63. 0-75. 
32. 0-67. 

58. 82. 
78.0 

68. 0-78. 
12. 0-61. 

60. 0-76. 
48. 0-77. 

80. 0-84. 
64. 0-86. 


Per cent. 
93. 5-94. 2 

90. 8-91. 6 

93. 3-96. 6 
73. 9-93. 7 

89. 1-95. 6 
93.4 

89. 7-97. 2 
48. 6-91. 7 

89. 6-95. 4 
82. 9-94. 8 

91. .5-93. 9 
89. 6-91. 3 


Pounds. 
53. 2-54. 2 




53. 0-53. 


Hold 2: 


53. 0-53. 




53. 0-53. 5 


Hold 3: 


52. 7-54. 




48. 0-53. 7 


Hold 4: 


52.2-54.2 




48. 5-54. 


Hold 5: 


51. 5-55. 




45. 5-53. 5 


Hold 6: 


54. 0-55. 




52. 5-53. 5 







TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE AND CONDITION OF THE CORN AS 

DISCHARGED. 

The steamship carrying this cargo was of practically the same 
construction as the vessel carrying cargo No. 3, except that it did 
not have any steam pipes in either of its shaft tunnels. The corn 
was loaded to varying heights in each of the six holds, only hold 3 
being entirely filled with corn. With the exception of small amounts 
of corn in the upper part of hold 3 and the forward part of hold 4, 
the corn in this cargo changed but little during the voyage and 
arrived in Europe in good condition. The detailed results of the 
analyses of the samples taken from this cargo are shown in Table 22. 

Hold 1 was filled about one-third full of corn. The corn as dis- 
charged ranged from 39° to 49° F. in temperature, 20.5 c. c. in 
acidity, 56 to 66 per cent in germination, and 90.8 to 91.6 per cent 
in sound kernels. 

Hold 2 was more than half -filled with corn. The corn as dis- 
charged ranged from 39° to 44° F. in temperature, 20.5 to 27 c. c. in 
acidity, 32 to 67 per cent in germination, and 79-9 to 93.7 per cent 
in sound kernels. Sample No. 3 represents a thin layer of corn at 
the surface which was somewhat moldy and had started to go out 
of condition. It tested 27 c. c. in acidity, germinated 32 per cent, 
and had 73.9 per cent of sound kernels. Neither of the two other 
samples taken from this hold lower down in the corn tested over 
21 c. c. in acidity or contained less then 93.5 per cent of sound 
kernels. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



51 



Table 22. — Condition of the corn in cargo No. 4 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from top to 
bottom. 



Hold 


Temperature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


and 
sample 


















































No. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


As 
load- 
ed. 


As dis- 
charged. 


Hold 1: 


°F. 


°F. 


P.ct. 


P. ct. 


c. c. 


c.c. 


P.ct. 


P. ct. 


P.ct. 


P. ct. 


Pounds. 


Pounds. 


1... 


35 


39 


19.6 


19.6 


20.0 


20.5 


61 


56 


94.2 


91.6 


54.25 


53.00 


2... 


37 


49 


19.4 


19.3 


21.0 


20.5 


63 


66 


93.5 


90.8 


53.25 


53.00 


Hold 2: 


























3... 


34 


39 


19.7 


.20.4 


21.5 


27.0 


63 


32 


96.6 


73 9 


53.00 


53.00 


4... 


34 


39 


19.9 


18.6 


22.0 


21.0 


75 


67 


93.7 


93.5 


53.00 


53.50 


5... 


34 


44 


19.0 


20.0 


19.0 


20.5 


64 


59 


93.3 


93.7 


53.00 


53.00 


Hold 3: 


























39 




118 
57 


20.3 


20.1 
19.4 


22.5 


32.5 

23.0 


70 



54 


95.3 


8.7 
91.3 


53.50 


48.00 


6... 


34 


51.75 


7... 


34 


59 


20.1 


19.8 


20.0 


■23.0 


76 


52 


93.1 


87.2 


53.00 


51.50 


40 




118 

42 








29.0 
17.0 


61 


1 

71 










8... 


35 


19.8 


19.1 


19.5 


95.6 


91.8 


53.75 


53.00 


9... 


39 


59 


19.3 


19.4 


21.0 


22.0 


70 


55 


91.4 


S6.6 


53. 50 


51.25 


10.. 


37 


40 


19.6 


19.5 


21.5 


18.0 


64 


70 


92.6 


93.4 


53.00 


53.75 


11.. 


36 


46 


19.2 


19.3 


19.5 


18.5 


82 


78 


92.8 


92.6 


54.00 


52.50 


12.. 


37 


53 


19.2 


19.0 


22.0 


27.5 


58 


46 


90.2 


80.2 


52.75 


51.50 


13.. 


36 


49 


18.5 


18.4 


19.5 


20.0 


60 


65 


92.6 


90.6 


53.25 


51.75 


14.. 


36 


49 


19.4 


19.9 


21.0 


20.0 


64 


67 


89.1 


91.1 


53.00 


52.25 


Hold 4: 


























15.. 


43 


58 


18.9 


18.2 


22.0 


25.0 


78 


40 


'J<\. 4 


87.1 


51. 25 


51.25 


17.. 


35 


65 


19.4 


18.1 


19.5 


27.0 


76 


23 


94.7 


73.9 


55.00 


50. 50 


18.. 


36 


40 


19.7 


19.4 


20.5 


23.5 


73 


53 


95.2 


89.5 


54.00 


53.00 


16.. 


37 


41 


20.2 


19.3 


23.0 


19.0 


69 


61 


92.3 


89.4 


53.50 


54.00 


41 




70 
66 


19.5 


19.0 
20.2 


20.5 


22.5 
27.0 


71 


31 
33 


95.1 


82.5 
75.1 


"53." 25" 


50.50 


19.. 


40 


49.75 


20.. 


37 


53 


20.1 




22.0 


23.0 


69 


60 


94.6 


91.7 


53.50 


52.75 


21.. 


40 


84 


20.0 


19.0 


20.0 


32.0 


74 


27 


93.8 


64.0 


53.25 


49.25 


22.. 


48 


81 


21.0 


19.0 


21.0 


39.0 


68 


26 


89.7 


52.7 


52.75 


49.50 


23.. 


42 


79 


20.3 


19.4 


20.0 


29.0 


69 


36 


95.7 


72.8 


53.25 


48.50 


24.. 


48 


70 


20.3 


20.2 


19.5 


39.0 


72 


12 


93.2 


48.6 


52.25 


51.00 


25.. 


39 


58 


20.2 


19.6 


21.5 


23.0 


78 


59 


96.6 


87.6 


53.50 


51.50 


26.. 


40 


53 


20.7 


20.8 


21.0 


24.0 


75 


61 


97.2 


90.3 


52.75 


51.25 


Hold 5: 


























27.. 


36 


44 


19.4 


18.8 


22.5 


20.0 


63 


53 


92.5 


93.5 


52.50 


52.00 


28.. 


38 


42 


19.7 


20.0 


22.0 


19.0 


71 


77 


91.8 


93.3 


51. 50 


45.50 


29.. 


36 
37 


38 
38 


19.4 
18.4 


19.5 
19.2 


21.5 
25.0 


19.0 
23.5 


73 
60 


69 
59 


92.1 
95.4 


92.3 
88.0 


53.25 
54.00 




30.. 


52. 25 


31.. 


36 


38 


19.3 


19.0 


23.0 


20.0 


62 


70 


94.9 


91.2 


53.25 


51.75 


32.. 


38 


62 


17.8 


18.7 


22.5 


25.0 


76 


55 


89.6 


82.9 


55.00 


53. 50 


33.. 


38 


42 


19.2 


19.0 


20.0 


18.0 


73 


76 


92.2 


94.8 


48.00 


53.00 


34.. 


37 


65 


17.6 


17.7 


21.5 


24.5 


74 


48 


95.0 


92.6 


54.00 




Hold 6: 




35.. 


37 


39 


18.8 


18.5 


20.0 


19.0 


80 


86 


91.5 


90.8 


54.00 


-53. 00 


36.. 


38 


59 


19.0 


19.2 


20.0 


18.0 


84 


74 


93.9 


91.3 


55.00 


53.50 


37.. 


38 


60 




19.0 




20.0 




72 




89.6 




52. 50 


38.. 


37 


57 




18.7 




21.0 




64 




90.0 




52.50 



Hold 3 was entirely filled with corn. A small amount of the corn 
along the starboard side at the top was hot and damaged, as is 
shown in figure 33. It will be seen that samples Nos. 39 and 40 taken 
from this hot corn each had a temperature of 118° F. and an acidity 
of 32.5 c. c. in the first and 29 c. c. in the second sample. None of 
the kernels in sample No. 39 w r ould sprout, and only 1 per cent of 
sample No. 40 had any vitality. There was a steam pipe opposite 
this hot corn which ran along the deck close to the hatch. This 
steam pipe carried live steam to the winches along the deck and 
was under pressure of steam during the first few days after the hold 
was filled with corn and again for a few days at the end of the voyage 



52 



BULLETIN" 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



before the corn in this hold was discharged. Compared with the hot 
corn, samples Nos. 6 and 7, taken from the corn near the surface 
on the port side of the hatch, had a temperature of but 57° and 59° F., 
an acidity of only 23 c. c. each, and a germination of 54 and 52 per 
cent, respectively. None of the remaining samples taken from the 
hold had a temperature higher than 59° F. 

Hold 4 was about half filled with corn. In the lower part of the 
hold there was a water tank, extending across the hold against the 

forward bulkhead, 
opposite the engine 
room. The corn 
stowed immediately 
against this tank 
was heating at the 
end of the voyage 
but was only slightly 
discolored. That 
portion of the corn 
next to the tank 
w h i c h surrounded 
the shaft tunnels 
was more damaged 
than the corn locat- 
ed toward the sides 
of the hold. The 
averages for the samples taken from the corn located at a height even 
with the top of the shaft tunnels are shown in Table 23. It will be seen 
that those samples which represented the corn stowed next to the water 
tank had on an average a higher temperature by 23° F., more acidity 
by 10.3 c. c, was poorer in germination by 33.2 per cent, had less 
sound kernels by 29 per cent, and had a lower test weight by 3.1 
pounds per bushel than sample No. 20, which represents corn stowed 
some distance back from the tank and away from the shaft tunnels. 

Table 23. — Averages for the samples taken from the corn at tunnel height. 



8 71 170 



9 SS 220 



12 46 275 




Fig. 33. — Cross-section of hold 3, cargo No. 4, showing location of heat- 
damaged corn in the upper part of the hold opposite a steam pipe on 
the deck. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged corn as dis- 
charged. (Cargo No. 4.) 



Samples located at tunnel height hold 4. 



Against tank (Nos. 21, 22, 23, 24)i . . . 
Free from tunnels and tank, No. 20. 



Temper- 
ature. 



Acidity. 



c. c. 
33.3 
23.0 



Germi- 
nation. 



Per cent. 
26.8 
60.0 



Sound 
kernels. 



Per cent. 
62.7 
91.7 



Weight 

per 
bushel. 



Pounds. 
49.60 
52.75 



Data represent averages for these samples. 



That part of the corn at the surface (in hold 4), which was located 
next to the engine-room bulkhead over the water tank, was out of 
condition, being sour, moldy, and " packed." Compared to the con- 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



53 



5? 



I 

Q 
Uj 
ID 

5 

O 
«3 



CARGONo.4 



ACID1TY-C.C. 



"J 

n 



o 



35 to 49 
SO to 74 
75 to 99 

IOO to/34 




GERMINATION ~ °/o 



k 


DC 

K 

tt 

a 

UJ 



i 

uj 

Uj 

I 

K 

DC 

Ui 

r ^ 



as to 4-9 

SO to 74 

75 TO 99 

/OOto/24 



\69.9 
165 



149 



0.5 



dition of the corn at the surface, which was located back some dis- 
tance from the bulkhead, the corn stowed against the engine-room 
bulkhead had, on an average, a higher temperature by 21° F., a higher 
acidity by 4.8 c. c, and lower germination by 25.5 per cent, less 
sound kernels by 8.9 per cent, and a lower test weight per bushel by 
2.6 pounds. 

Hold 5 was nearly three-quarters filled with corn. In this hold the 
corn ranged from 38° to 65° F. in temperature, 18 to 24.5 c. c. in acid- 
ity, 48 to 77 per cent 
in germination, and 
82.9 to 94.8 per cent in 
sound kernels. The 
corn was in good con- 
dition when discharged 
except for a small 
amount located near 
the shaft tunnels, which 
was slightly out of con- 
dition. Of the corn lo- 
cated at the same height 
as the top of the tun- 
nels, that which was 
stowed on and between 
the tunnels had, on an 
average, a higher tem- 
perature by 6° F., a 
higher acidity by 4 c.c, 
a lower germination by 
11.2 per cent, less sound 
kernels by 1 6 . 1 per cent, 
and a lower test weight 
per bushel by 0.5 pound 
than the corn stowed 
half way between the 
tunnels and the outside 
of the hold, as shown 
in Table 23. 

Hold 6 was about 
one-half filled with corn. The corn as discharged ranged from 
39 to 60° F. in temperature, 18 to 21 c. c. in acidity, 64 to 86 per 
cent in germination, and 89.6 to 91.3 per cent in sound kernels. 
The condition of the corn in this hold, like that in hold 5, was 
sound when discharged except that a small amount of corn stowed 
next to the shaft tunnels was slightly out of condition. Table 22 



-5L 



35 TO 49 

SO to 74- 

75 to 99 

/OOTO/34 



35 to 49 

SO to 74 

15 to 99 

IOO to 134 



SOUND KERNELS- °/o 



194 
191 



984 



If 



WEIGHT perBUSHEL-LBS. 



\S3.4 
153.4 
\5I.6 



§43.0 
4&.0 



^m -CONDITIQN OF THE CORN AS LOADED 
■BsCO/V DITION OE THE CORN AS DISCHARGED 

Fig. 34. — Correlation of the temperatures and condition of the 
corn as loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 4.) 



54 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 




shows the condition of each sample taken as the cargo was being 

loaded and as the cargo was being dis- 

o charged. 

S) The correlation of temperature changes 

g, and changes in condition of the corn is il- 

•o lustrated in figure 34. 

So 

CARGO No. 5. 

-3 

Cargo No. 5 consisted of 185,571 bushels 

8 of natural corn. The corn was loaded April 

§ 20 to 24, 1911. The steamship sailed April 

| 25 and arrived at Dunkirk, France, May 13, 

| where the corn was discharged from May 

3 18 to 27. The length of the ocean voyage 

| was 18 days. The maximum time that any 

& of the corn was in the vessel was 38 days 

.9 and the average time 31 days. This cargo 

| was not accompanied to Europe, but was 

> thoroughly sampled at time of loading in 

■g America and again at time of discharge in 

^ France. 

2 STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

o 
A 

a 

"a The steamship had five cargo holds, as 

g shown in figure 35. This shipment was a 

i full cargo, each hold being entirely filled 

a with corn. 

o 

^ CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 

a 

03 

t 2 The condition of the corn as loaded is 

\ | shown in Tables 24 and 25. The averages 

» 1 for the various factors of the corn as loaded 

"i S were as follows: Moisture content 19.2 per 

g cent, acidity 24.4 c. c, germination 59.1 per 

& cent, sound kernels 95.2 per cent, and weight 

s per bushel 53.4 pounds. The corn at the 

g> time of loading had an average tempera- 

| ture of 38° F. 

§ TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE AND 
CONDITION OF THE CORN AS DISCHARGED. 

P 

i As already stated, the steamslup carrying 

6 cargo No. 5 had each of its five holds entirely 
filled with corn. As the cargo was being 
discharged in Europe, it was found that the corn in the upper portion 



i* i 



i> ■„■ 



,-n>u)': 



>, 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



55 



of each hold was badly damaged. This damaged condition is illus- 
trated in figure 35. As will be seen in Table 24, the temperature of 
the corn as discharged ranged from 59° to 138° F. in hold 1, 61 to 
142° F. in hold 2, 53 to 140° F. in hold 3, 59 to 140° F. in hold 4, 
and 64 to 138° F. in hold 5. The temperature in a general way was 
the highest at the surface of the corn and decreased toward the 
bottom. It will be seen in figure 36 and Table 25 that all of the corn 
in the lower portion of the holds was not hot, but the corn was very 
poor in condition. 

Table 24. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. 5, as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Hold. 



Hold 1: 

As loaded 

As discharged 
Hold 2: 

As loaded 

As discharged 
Hold 3: 

As loaded .... 

As discharged 
Hold 4: 

As loaded .... 

As discharged 
Hold 5: 

As loaded 

As discharged 



Tempera- 
ture. 



"F. 
138.0 
59.0-138.0 

138.0 
Gl. 0-142.0 

138.0 
53. 0-140. 

138.0 
59.0-140.0 

138.0 
64.0-138.0 



Moisture 
content. 



Per cent. 
19. 4-19. 8 



18. 6-19. 7 
18.8-19.7 



16. 6-19. 6 
19. 2-20. 1 



Acidity. 



c. c. 

23. 4-28. 
28. 3-48. 6 

19. 8-27. 4 
25. 4-69. 3 

22. 6-28. 6 
29. 1-72. 7 

21. 2-25. 4 
23. 7-67. 1 

23. 2-24. 4 
26. 7-71. 4 



Germina- 
tion. 



Per cent. 

45.0-63.0 

0-52.0 

56. 0-72. 
0-36.0 

45.0-62.0 
0-62.0 

56.0-74.0 
0-64.0 

48. 0-65. 
0-44.0 



Sound 
kernels. 



Per cent. 

85. 7-95. 9 

0-90.2 

92. 0-97. 
0-73.9 

91. 0-96. 
0-69.2 

94. 1-98. 8 
0-87.2 

94.8-98.2 
0-68.6 



Weight 
per bushel. 



Pounds. 
53. 0-53. 5 
48.5-53.5 

54.0-54.5 
48.0-53.3 

52. 8-53. 8 
46. 5-53. 5 

53.0-53.8 
47.0-53.3 

52. 5-53. 5 
46. 8-51. 5 



■Average temperature for the cargo. 

Table 25. — Condition of the corn in cargo No. 5 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from top to 
bottom. 





Temperature. 


o3 

fl 
CD 

a -6 

o CD 

CJT3 

03 

1 

'8 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


Hold and 
sample No. 


•6 

03 

< 


73 

o 

tXO 

o 

< 


•6 

CB 

•o 

03 

_o 
co 
< 


•6 

eg 

to 

i 

o 

w 

■■B 

TO 

< 


•6 
o 

T3 
03 

< 


s 

Ml 

a 

CO 

TO 


•6 

■s 

< 


■d 

CD 

So 

B 

o 

CO 

< 


•d 

CD 

"9 

03 

_o 

10 

< 


■a 

CD 
Ml 

i 

O 

i 
< 


Hold 1: 

25 


°F. 

•■38 

138 


o p 

138 
135 
85 
75 
61 
63 
59 

138 
133 
139 
142 
115 
82 
91 
61 


P.ct. 


c.c. 


c.c. 
36.4 
48.6 
38.7 
39.7 
32.8 
30.8 
28.3 

65.4 
52.4 
52.7 
69.3 
34.0 
40.7 
39.0 
25.4 


P.ct. 
45 
53 
63 

56 
60 

72 


P.ct. 


24 
36 
52 
34 
36 






28 
36 
26 


P.ct. 
85.7 
93.6 
95.9 

92.0 
93.2 

97.0 


P.ct. 


32.0 
16.4 
72.4 
57.3 
90.2 











62.8 

55.0 

73.9 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 
48 50 


1 


19.4 


28.0 


53.00 


49.25 
51 50 


26 


2 


19.8 


26.2 


53.25 


51.00 
52 25 


27 


3 


19.6 


23.4 


53.50 


53.25 
52 50 


28 ' 


Hold 2: 

29 ! 








48 00 


4 


19.7 
18.9 


27.4 
27.2 


54.25 
54.50 


48.50 
51.00 
48 50 


5 ; 

30 


31 








52 00 


32 








50 50 


33 








50 00 


6 1 


18.6 


19.8 


54.00 


53.25 



1 Average for the hold. 



56 



BULLETIN 7G4, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 25. — Condition of the corn in cargo No. 5 as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from top to 
bottom — Continued. 





Temperature. 


c3 

a 

§1 

e> o 
5 

"8 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels 


Weight per 
bushel. 


Hold and 
sample No. 


•6 

CO 

C3 
O 

3 


o 
bo 

< 


■d 
ce 
-3 

a 
o 

< 


m> 

H 

C3 

O 

< 


d 

CO 

c« 
O 

< 


■d 

CO 
6C 

a 
o 

< 


■d 
s 
■3 

_o 


d 

& 

o 

i 

GO 

< 


■d 

5 

o 

< 


■d 

CD 

to 
1 

< 


Hold 3: 

34 


" F. 

• i 38 

138 

■138 


° F 
138 
131 
136 
129 
140 
122 
108 
95 
90 
95 
53 
71 
81 

110 
131 
104 
127 
77 
" 
74 
95 
59 
72 
72 
85 
68 
65 
I 63 

138 
115 

97 
69 

101 
77 
77 
93 
77 
81 
I 64 


P.ct. 


c.c. 


c.c. 
72.7 
59.4 
58.2 
71.0 
60.7 
49.2 
57.2 
24.3 
43.8 
32.4 
29.1 
31.0 
41.6 

67.1 
57.6 
01. 4 
29.0 
42.2 
29.9 
40. 2 
32.6 
23.7 
25.4 
27.9 
31.9 
25.9 
30.4 
36.3 

57.7 
58. 
34.0 
26.7 
45.0 
36.8 
71.4 
41.9 
41.4 
48.7 
40.5 


P.ct. 

62 

50 
45 

45 

56 

63 

57 

(ili 
03 
56 

61 

74 

74 
71 

53 

48 

60 

65 


P.ct. 











6 



62 

2 

38 

28 

18 

6 



6 





30 

38 

26 

12 

64 

38 

34 

32 

52 

30 

10 



4 
20 
28 
10 
28 
16 
16 
44 
18 
24 


P.ct. 

93.3 

94.9 
94.4 

96.0 

91.0 

97.6 
95.9 

94.1 
97.9 
98.8 

97.0 
95.0 

96. 4 
97.5 

94.8 
98.2 

96.7 
97.4 


P.ct. 











12.5 



09.2 

10.3 

50.6 

66.1 

66.6 

40.5 

0.7 

5.8 





55.4 

78.6 

60.1 

45.4 

87.2 

56.7 

75.6 

50.2 

79.4 

73.7 

64.5 



42.3 
58.6 
16.2 
68.6 
57.0 
42.1 
54.5 
45.9 
48.8 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 
46.50 
48.00 
50 50 


35 








36 








7 


19.7 


22.6 


52. 75 


48.00 
48.50 
50. 00 
50.50 
52 50 


37 


8 


19.7 
19.6 


'28.6 
26.0 


53.50 
53.50 


9 


38 


39 








49. 50 
52.50 
53 50 


10 


18.8 


25.8 


53.75 


40 


41 








52.00 
51.50 

47.00 
49.50 
47.50 
48.50 
51 50 


11 


IS. 8 


24.0 


53.25 


Hold 4: 

42 


43 






53." 75 

53.75 


12 


19.4 
18.9 


25.2 
24.2 


13 


44 


14 


10.9 
19.4 
19.6 


23.8 
25.4 
23.0 


53.25 
53.75 
53.00 

53.25 
53.25 


52.00 
51.50 
51.00 
53.00 
52.25 
52.00 
51 00 


15 


16 

45. . 


17. . . 


19.6 
16.6 


22.8 
21.2 


18 

46 


47 








53 25 


19 


19.2 
18.9 


22.8 
22.8 


53.25 
53.50 


53 25 




51.50 
46 75 


Hold 5: 

48 


49 








49 50 


21 


19.2 


24.4 


53.50 


51 50 


50 


51 50 


22 

51 


20.0 


24.4 


52.50 


51.00 
51 00 


52 








51 00 


53 








49 50 


54 








50 50 


23 


20.1 
20.1 


23.2 

24.4 


52.50 
52.75 


51 00 


24 


51 50 







1 Average for the hold. 

As is seen from cross section of hold 1, in figure 36, the corn in 
this hold as discharged ranged in temperature from 138° F. near 
the surface to 59° F. in the lower part of the hold. The heat- 
discolored corn extended from the surface to a little over one-fourth 
down in the hold. The two samples taken from the heat-discolored 
corn, sample No. 25 from a short distance below the surface and 
sample No. 1 from the lower portion of the hot corn, had tempera- 
tures of 138° and 135° F. and tested 36.4 and 48.6 c. c. in acidity. 
None of the kernels in either sample would germinate. Only one 
sample taken from the corn that was not heat-discolored tested 
under 30 c. c. in acidity. This sample, No. 28, was taken about 7 
feet from the bottom of the hold. It had a temperature of 59° F., 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



5Y 



tested 2 8.3 c. c. in 
acidity and germi- 
nated 36 per cent, but 
sample No. 3, taken 
from still lower in the 
hold, had a tempera- 
ture of 63° F., and 
tested 30.8 c. c. in 
acidity, with a germi- 
nation of 34 per cent. 
Sample No. 26, taken 
from the upper part 
of the corn that was 
not heat discolored, 
had a temperature of 
85° F., tested 38.7 co- 
in acidity, and germi- 
nated 24 per cent. 

The temperature of 
the corn in hold 2 as 
discharged ranged 
from 142° F. in the 
heat - discolored corn 
in the upper part of 
the hold to 61° F. 
in the lower part of 
the hold, as shown 
in figure 36. All of 
the corn in the up- 
per part of the hold 
was heat-discolored. 
None of the kernels 
from the samples 
taken from the heat- 
discolored corn 
sprouted in the ger- 
mination test, and 
the samples taken 
from the cooler corn 
in the lower half of 
the hold tested low 
in germination. All 
of the samples taken 
from the various 
parts of the hold, 



35 


va6 





1 


85 


387 


24 


26 


61 


SZB 


52 


27 


S3 


JOB 


34 


3 




82 16 711, 



77 368 28 51 

93 4.19 16 S3 

77 414. 44 54.' 

81 487 18 23 

64 405 24 24 



Fig. 36.— Cross-sections, holds Nos. 1 to 5, inclusive, showing the 
locations from which the samples were taken from the corn. The 
heavy shading represents heat-damaged corn as discharged. 
(Cargo No. 5.) 



58 BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

with one exception, tested over 30 c. c. in acidity. Sample No. 6, 
taken about 7 feet from the bottom, tested 25.4 c. c. in acidity, but 
sample No. 33, taken about the same distance from the bottom but 
on the opposite side of the hold, tested 39 c. c. in acidity. 

Hold 3 was one deck higher than the remaining holds in the vessel. 
In this hold the heat-discolored corn extended from the surface to 
about halfway down in the hold. The temperature of the corn, as 
is shown in figure 36, ranged from 140° F. in the heat-damaged corn 
in the upper part of the hold to 53° F. near the bottom on the star- 
board side. Only one sample, No. 8, in the heat-discolored corn, 
showed any vitality; it germinated 6 per cent. Two samples taken 
from the lower part of the hold, Nos. 39 and 11, tested 2 per cent 
and 6 per cent in germination. Both were high in acidity, testing 
43.8 c. c. and 41.6 c. c. in acidity. Two samples, Nos. 38 and 40, 
taken from the lower half of the hold, tested under 30 c. c. in acidity. 
Sample No. 38, taken from the upper part of the corn that was not 
heat-discolored, tested 24.3 c. c. in acidity and germinated 62 per 
cent, while sample No. 40 taken about 5 feet from the bottom on the 
starboard side tested 29.1 c.c. in acidity and germinated 28 per cent. 
Sample No. 34, taken from the corn at the surface, showed the 
highest acidity test. This sample had a temperature of 138° F., 
tested 72.7 c. c. in acidity, and contained no corn that would germi- 
nate. 

As will be seen from figure 36, the temperature of the corn in hold 
No. 4, as discharged, ranged from 140° F. at the surface to 59° F. in 
the lower part of the hold. Only one sample, No. 43, taken from the 
heat-discolored corn in the upper one-fourth of the hold showed any 
vitality; it germinated 6 per cent, tested 57.6 c. c. in acidity, and 
had a temperature of 131° F. Sample No. 42, taken from the corn 
at the surface, had a temperature of 140° F., tested 67.1 c. c. in 
acidity, and had no corn that would germinate. The heat-discol- 
ored corn extended about one-fourth the distance down in the hold. 
The corn in contact with the shaft tunnel in the lower part of the 
hold was more sour, packed, and moldy than that surrounding 
it, but it was not heat-discolored. The same condition extended along 
the shaft tunnel in hold 5. 

The condition of the corn in hold 5 was very similar to that in hold 
4. The heat-discolored corn extended about one-fourth the distance 
down from the surface, and the remainder of the corn in the hold 
was very poor in condition. Sample No. 48, at the surface, had a 
temperature of 138° F., tested 57.7 c. c. in acidity, and had lost all 
vitality. Sample No. 24, taken from the bottom, had a tempera- 
ture of 64° F., tested 40.5 c. c. in acidity, and germinated 24 per cent. 
The condition of the corn that was not heat-discolored varied greatly 
at different positions of stowage. Sample No. 50, which was taken 



CARRYING QUALITIES OP EXPORT CORN. 



59 



from the bulk corn just under the heat-damaged position, had a 
temperature of 69° F., tested 26.7 c. c. in acidity, and germinated 
28 per cent, while sam- 
ple No. 22, taken 
from the corn nearly 
halfway down the hold, 
had a temperature of 
101° F., tested 45 c. c. 
in acidity, and germi- 
nated 10 per cent. 
Sample No. 50 was the 
only one taken from 
the corn in this hold 
which tested under 30 
c. c. in acidity, and 
only two other sam- 
ples, Nos. 21 and 51, 
tested under 40 c. c. in 
acidity. Table 26 
shows the average con- 
dition of the corn in 
the cargo as loaded 
compared with the av- 
erage condition of the 
corn which was not 
heat damaged and of 
that which was heat 
discolored, as d i s - 
charged, the average 
being based upon the 
samples that were 
taken from the corn, the 
positions of which are illustrated in the diagrams in figures 35 and 36. 

Table 26. — Showing the average condition of the corn as loaded, the average condition 
of the corn as discharged, and the average condition of the heat-damaged corn as dis- 
charged. 



>g CO 

Is 

3 5 

1 * 

£ s 

3* 

5 It! 
0. «t 

5 Uj 

•5 ; 

Ul <t 
O kl 

H 


SOto 74 

75 to 99 

/OOto/ 34 

/£S to 14-9 


CARGO No. 5 


ACIDITY-C.C. 


"1 ' r r 

■III IlllPIIHIiim .TAJ 




HiWUUIJiJBWIlIll II 4. P. 7 




SOto 74 

7Sto 99 

)OOro/Z4 

/ 35 to 14-9 


CERMINA TION - °/o 


| ' . .,.j ■■f** ' 


■■■■■■ 33 

^■■12 7 

I J 

10.4 


SOTO 74 

7S to 99 

/OO to 134 

I2S to/49 


SOUND KERNELS-°/o 


' ' 1 


wammnam so 

-O 


SOto 74 

7Sto 99 

/OOto /34 

/as to/ 4-9 


WEIGHT per BUSHEL-LBS. 













^^ "CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED 
WBmCONDITION OE THE CORN AS D'SCHAROEL 

Fig. 37,— Correlation of the temperature and condition of the con; 
as loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 5.) 



Stage. 



Temper- 
ature. 



Acidity. 



Germi- 
nation. 



Sound 
kernels. 



Weight 

per 
bushel. 



Average as loaded 

Average of cool corn as discharged 

Average of heat-damaged corn as discharged 



38 

77 
130 



c.c. 
24.4 
35.6 
55.9 



Per cent. Per cent. 

59. 1 95. 2 

29. 56. 8 

1. 1.0 



Pounds. 
53.4 
51.6 

4a 8 



It will be seen in the table that there was considerable deterioration 
during the voyage in the corn that did not become heat-discolored 
and that the corn which did become heat-discolored was very badly 
damaged. 



60 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The correlation of temperature changes and changes in the con- 
dition of the com is illustrated in figure 37. 



CARGO No. 6. 

Cargo No. 6 consisted of 200,270 bushels of corn, part of which was 
natural corn and part of which was artificial!}^ dried corn. It was 
loaded March 21 to 27, 1911. The steamship sailed March 28 and 
arrived in Rotterdam, Holland, April 17, where the corn was dis- 
charged from April 18 to April 22. The length of the ocean voyage 
was 20 days; the maximum time any of the corn was in the vessel 
was 32 days; and the average time was 27 days. 

STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

The steamship had five cargo holds, as is shown in figure 38. This 
shipment was a full cargo, each hold being entirely filled with corn. 
Holds 1, 2, 3, and 5 were filled with natural corn, and hold 4 contained 
artificially dried corn. 

CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 

The condition of the corn as loaded is shown in Tables 27, 28, and 
29. It will be noted from Table 28 that, on an average, the dried 
corn in hold 4 had a temperature of 50° F., was relatively high in 
acidity (27 c. c.) and low in germination (45.6 per cent), but had a low 
moisture content (15.6 percent). Sound kernels, as determined by 
mechanical analysis, averaged 92.5 per cent. The natural corn in the 
remaining holds of the cargo had an average temperature of 42° F., 
acidity of 24.3 c. c, germination of 65.3 per cent, and 95.7 per cent 
of sound kernels, but was high in moisture content, which averaged 
20.2 per cent. 

Table 27. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. 6 as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Hold- 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 
per bushel. 


Hold 1: 


° F. 
41.0- 50.0 
42.0- 53.0 

39. 0- 49. 
45.0-140.0 

37.0- 40.0 
44.0-140.0 

43. 0- 56. 
50. 0- 85. 

40.0- 44.0 
44.0-120.0 


Per cent. 
19. 7-20. 6 
19.0-20.0 

19. 2-20. 4 
15.0-27.0 

20. 1-20. 9 
17. 6-20. 4 

14. 7-16. 3 
14. 4-16. 2 

19. 7-20. 9 
18.8-21.0 


c.c. 
22. 5-24. 2 
26.3-41.4 

21.9-27.2 

24. 8-65. 2 

22.9-24.4 
22. 8-59. 5 

23.2-31.0 
25. 5-32. 7 

22. 4-28. 6 
22.9-54.9 


Per cent. 
63.0-76.0 
16.0-55.0 

52.0-73.0 
0-50.0 

61.0-82.0 
0-55.0 

24.0-61.0 
7. 0-52. 8 

56-0-73.0 
5. 0-66. 


Per cent. 
93.7-96.3 
53. 4-85. 8 

95. 4-97. 7 
3.2-93.7 

94.0-98.0 
1.5-76.1 

86. 1-96. 5 
57. 9-95. 6 

93. 9-97. 1 
35. 3-97. 3 


Pounds. 
52. 5-53. 8 




49.5-51.0 


Hold 2: 


53.0-53.3 


As discharged 

Hold 3: 


46. 0-52. 
52.0-53.0 




45.5-51.0 


Hold 4: 


53.0-54.8 




52. 0-53. 5 


Hold 5: 


52. 0-53. 5 


As discharged 


47.5-52.3 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



61 



Table 28. — Average condition of the dried corn and of the natural corn in cargo No. 6 as 

loaded. 



Kind of corn and where stowed. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 




° F. 
50 

41 


Per cent. 
15.7 
20.2 


c.c. 
27.0 
24.3 


Per cent. 
15. 6 
65.3 


Per cent. 
92.5 
95.7 


Pounds. 
53.91 




53.00 







Table 29. — Condition of the corn in cargo No. 6, natural corn, as loaded, and the change 
in condition while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from 
top to bottom. 





Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 


Hold, kind of corn, and 
Sample No. 


d 
| 

O 
CO 

<! 


d 
u 

Oi 

I 
< 


13 
CD 

•a 

03 
O 

CO 

< 


d 

c>0 

03 

.a 

a 

< 


■d 

■S 

a 
o 

< 


d 

CD 
bo 
u 
a 
■g 

I 
< 


•6 

<o 

13 

03 
O 

< 


d 

CD 
60 
H 
03 
.3 

-3 


■d 

CD 

■d 

C3 


d 

CD 

60 
H 
03 

3 

1 

< 


d 

CD 
Ti 
03 
O 

CO 
< 


SP 

ho 
u 

a 

CO 

i 

< 


Hold 1, natural corn: 

1 


"F. 

45 
41 
50 
44 
41 
44 
41 


° F. 
53 

50 
42 
49 
45 

140 
50 
57 

100 
90 

130 
49 
45 
93 

98 
140 
138 
130 
51 
44 

80 
54 
64 
80 
53 
56 
50 
55 
66 
51 
85 
77 
50 
55 
61 
51 

65 
55 
55 
120 
50 
47 
70 
54 
44 
47 
44 


P.ct. 
20. 4 
20.4 
19.7 
20.6 
20.2 
20.6 
19.9 

*20.T 
19.8 


P.ct. 
19.0 


c.c. 
22. 5 


c.c. 
26.3 


P.ct. 
64 


P.ct. 

55 


P. cf. 
93.7 
96.0 
95. 1 


P.ct. 
85.8 

53.4 
69.5 
64.4 
62.5 

12.1 

80.4 
65. 6 
10.8 
59.0 
3.2 
93.7 
53.1 
55.9 

42.6 
1.5 
3.9 
8.3 

50.8 
76.1 

65.7 
85.7 
63.9 
63.0 
95.6 
75.7 
75.3 
90.6 
91.8 
89.3 
57.9 
76.3 
87.3 
88.8 
91.0 
79.8 

58.4 
91.0 
81.0 
35. 3 
77.0 
65.3 
45.4 
97.3 
55.7 
87.9 
45.8 


Lhs. 
53.00 

52. 50 
53.25 
53.25 
53.25 

53. 75 
53.00 

53.00 
53.25 


Lbs. 
50.50 


2 




3 














4 


20.0 
19.5 
19.7 
19.8 

15.0 
19.6 
19.8 
27.0 


23.5 
22.9 
24.2 
23.8 

"23." 5" 
22.9 


39.3 
30.8 
30.2 
41.4 

65.2 
33.7 

47.9 
48.7 
56.3 
57.4 
24.8 
31.5 
38.7 

42.2 
59.5 
48. 6 
56.2 
35.0 
22.8 

29.7 
32.7 
30.5 
26.6 
27.6 
27.3 
29.8 
26.4 
25.5 
25.6 
31.7 
28.7 
30.1 
27.0 
29.9 
29.2 

43.8 
25.8 
28.3 
49.0 
37.1 
30.7 
54.9 
27.3 
25.6 
22.9 
48.7 


64 
63 
76 

72 

61 
66 

66 
52 
73 

68 
62 

61 

78 
S2 

48 
47 
44 

58 
56 
55 
61 
36 
58 

44 
24 
39 
36 
32 

66 
57 
60 

56 
61 
62 
58 
63 
73 
69 


16 
26 
26 
19 

6 

46 

16 



6 



50 

26 

22 

18 







28 

55 

29 
46 
29 
7 
52 
42 
35 
50 
33 
52 
28 
21 
32 
35 
28 
18 

12 
55 
35 
10 
33 
31 
15 
66 
35 
65 
5 


94.7 
94.8 
94.0 
96.3 

95.4 
97.7 

96.8 
96.7 
96.1 

97.4 
94.0 

95.7 
95.6 
98.0 

94.4 

88.4 
86.1 

94.9 
96.5 
92.7 
95.4 
94.9 
87.1 

95.1 
92.7 
91.9 
92.7 
92.3 

97.1 
94.8 
95.1 

'94.'6" 
95.9 
96.1 
96.1 
96.8 
93.9 
96.0 


50.00 






6 


51 00 




49 50 


Hold 2, natural corn: 

8 


46.75 


9 


40 
49 


50 75 


10 


50.50 


11 


12 








13 




19.2 
20.4 
20.1 

20.4 
20.9 


20.2 
19.0 
19.8 
19.4 

20.4 
17.6 


27.2 
25. 5 
21.9 

22.9 

24.2 


53.25 
53.00 
53.00 

53.00 
52.00 




14 


39 
40 
46 

40 
40 


52 00 


15 




16 


50.50 
49 50 


Hold 3, natural corn: 

17 




45.50 


19 


20 


40 
38 
37 

53 

54 
51 


20.3 
20.1 
20.1 

15 5. 
16.0 
15.5 


18. 6 
19.7 
19.4 

16.0 
15.4 

14.8 


23.4 
23.3 
24.0 

24.4 
31.0 


53.00 
53.00 
53.00 

54.75 
54.50 
54.00 


50.50 
50.00 
51.00 

52.50 
53.50 
53. 50 


21 


22 


Hold 4, dried corn: 

23 


24 -... 


25 


26 


27 


48 

54 

50 

.. 56 


16.0 
16. 3 
16.0 
16.2 
15.7 
16.3 


14.4 
16. 2 
15.3 
15.6 
14.6 
15.0 


26.8 
23.2 
27.6 
23.6 
25.9 
29.3 


54.25 
54. 50 
54.25 
54.75 
53.50 
54.00 


53.50 
53.50 
52.50 
53.50 
52. 50 
52.50 


28 


29 


30 


31 


53 
49 


32 


33 


34 


50 
43 
49 
53 

48 

41 
41 
42 


16.0 
14.7 
15.0 
15.3 
15.2 

20.5 
19.6 
20.7 

20.2 
20.5 
20.1 
20.1 
20.9 
20.3 
19.9 


15.0 
15.2 
15.4 

20.4 
19.0 
20.0 
21.0 
18.8 
19.7 
19.8 
19.6 
19.6 
18.8 
18.9 


26.2 
29.6 
27.6 
26.9 
29.4 

28.6 
26.9 
22.0 

25. 6 
25.3 
27.8 
24.1 
23.0 
22.4 
25.2 


53. 00 
53.25 
53. 25 
53. 25 
53.50 

52.50 
53.50 
53.50 

52.75 
53.25 
52.50 
53.25 
52.75 
53. 50 
52.00 


52.00 
52.00 
52.00 
52.00 
52.00 

49.00 
52.00 
51.00 
47.50 
51.25 
50. 50 
49.25 
51. 00 
52.25 
51.50 
51.25 


35 


36 


37 


38 


Hold 5, natural corn: 
39 


40 


41 


42 


43. 


41 
42 
44 
41 
41 
40 
40 


44 


45. 


46 


47 


48 


49 





62 



BULLETIN 764, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



From this it is seen that although the tests for acidity, germination, 

and sound kernels showed the dried 
corn to be poor in quality, its mois- 
ture content was lower by 4.5 per cent 
than natural corn. 

TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE 
AND CONDITION OF THE CORN AS DISCHARGED. 

During the voyage the temperature 
of the corn in various positions of stow- 
age was recorded each day that the 
weather permitted. Some of the ther- 
mometers were read before the vessel 
sailed, and some were read for some 
days after the steamship arrived at its 
port in Europe. The location of the 
various thermometers and the changes 
in temperature at those positions are 
shown in figures 39 to 46, inclusive. 
The maximum temperatures found in 
the corn as discharged were 53° F. in 
hold 1, 140° F. in hold 2, 140° F. in 
hold 3, 85° F. in hold 4, and 120° F. 
in hold 5. These were higher than the 
maximum temperatures of the corn as 
loaded by 3° F, 91 Q F., 100 Q F., 29° F., 
and 76 Q F., in holds 1 to 5, respectively. 
Hold 3, however, was the only one con- 
taining any large amount of heat-dam- 
aged corn. 

In hold 1 the temperature of the corn 
in various positions of stowage changed 
but little during the voyage, except 
along the sides of the holds, as shown 
by the temperature records in figure 39. 
As is shown in Table 29, each sample 
that was placed in a wire container as 
the cargo was loaded tested lower in 
quality at the end of the voyage than 
at the beginning of the voyage in every 
factor except moisture content. Only 
one sample, No. 1, tested under 30 
c. c. in acidity. This sample was taken 
from the bagged corn a short distance 
under the surface and tested 26.3 c.c.in acidity, 55 per cent in germi- 




CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



63 



MARCH 
28 29 30 31 


204-56780 10 1 


1 12 13 V* IS 16 17 IP 


14-0 
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nation, 85.8 per cent in sound kernels, and 50.5 pounds in test 
weight per bushel. Sample No. 7, taken from near the bottom of the 
hold tested 41.4 c. c. in acidity, 19 per cent in germination, 62.5 per 
cent in sound kernels and 49.5 pounds in test weight per bushel. The 
corn at the surface and along the sides of the hold for a short dis- 
tance down from the top was somewhat sour, moldy, and packed. 

In hold 2 some of the corn became badly heat damaged. This 
damaged corn was 
found in uneven 
spots on the star- 
board side near the 
after part of the hold 
and extended from 
the surface to nearly 
halfway down in the 
hold. There was also 
a small portion that 
was damaged along 
the forward bulk- 
head halfway down 
in the hold. The 
temperature of the 
corn as discharged 
from this hold ranged 
from 45° to 140° F. 
Sample No. 8, taken 
from the heat-dam- 
aged corn just under 
the top deck on the 
starboard side, had 
a temperature o f 
140° F., and tested 
65.2 c. c. in acidity 
and 6 per cent in ger- 
mination, while sam- 
ples Nos. 9 and 10, 
taken from near the 
same height in the hold but near the shifting boards in the center, had 
temperatures of 50° and 57° F. and tested 33.7 and 47.9 c. c. in acidity 
and 46 and 16 per cent in germination, respectively. Sample No. 13, 
taken from the heat-damaged corn, 15 feet below the surface, had 
a temperature of 130° F., tested 57.4 c. c. in acidity, and no kernels 
sprouted in a germination test. Sample No. 11, taken from near 
the outside wall of the hold on the starboard side, had a temperature 




198 Al* ->5 



BAGS Ther-I 01 - 



■^7— r^ H FORWARD 



77i»r»e o*_^__-o?f T"*" ■*" " 



*3 



Fig. 39.— Hold 1: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers; location of the thermometers in the hold; and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 6.) 



64 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



2 


MARCH 

3 &9 ao a 


I 


2 a * e 


APRIL 

6 7 e s io i 


i 


? 13 14. IS Id 17 18 


















































































































































































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of 100° F., tested 48.7 c. c. in acidity, and none of it would germinate. 
Sample No. 14, taken from about the same height in the corn as 
sample No. 13, had a temperature of but 49° F., tested 24.8 c. c. in 
acidity, and germinated 50 per cent. Sample No. 16, taken from 
near the bottom on the starboard side had a temperature of 93° F., 
tested 38.7 c. c. in acidity, and germinated 22 per cent. The tem- 
perature record for this sample, in figure 40 shows that its temperature 

was 46° F.when loaded 
and that from March 
28 to April 7 there 
was but little change, 
but from then on the 
temperature increased 
until it reached 93° F. 
when discharged. As 
will be seen in Table 
29, only one sample, 
No. 14, tested under 
30 c. c. in acidity at 
the time of discharge. 
Hold 3 was one 
deck higher than hold 
1, and had a "feeder" 
rounding one more 
deck above that. 
This hold was located 
just forward of the 
boiler room. Fully 
three-fourths of the 
corn as discharged 
was badly heat-dam- 
aged. The tempera- 
ture of the corn in this 
hold at the time of 
discharge ranged from 
44° to 140° F., which 
was greater by 7 de- 
grees than the min- 
imum and by 100 degrees than the maximum temperatures of the 
corn when loaded. Thermometer No. 18, which was located in 
the "feeder" about 4 feet below the surface of the corn, registered an 
increase in temperature from the very beginning of the voyage. The 
maximum temperature recorded during the voyage was 1 44 ° F. , on April 
1 5, after which there was a slight decrease. The corn surrrounding this 
thermometer had a temperature of over 120° F. for 10 days before 




93 367 ia«- 16 



Fig. 40.— Hold 2: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
com. (Cargo No. 6.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



65 



it was discharged. It will be noted that the temperature increased 
from 40° to 100° F. during the first 10 days of the ocean voyage. 
Thermometer 17, which was also located in the "feeder," at about 
the same height as thermometer 18, but next to the bulkhead separ- 
ating the corn from the ventilated coal bunker, indicated a much 
slower increase in temperature. On April 8, 11 days after sailing, 
thermometer 18 in- 
dicated a temperature 
of 120° F.; on April 15 
the temperature had 
increased to 144° F. 
Thermometer 19, lo- 
cated in the port side 
a little over half- 
way down from the 
surface of the corn, 
indicated an increase 
of 30° F. during 
the first 10 days and 
63° F. during the last 
1 1 days of the voyage, 
a total of 93° F. for 
the whole voyage. 
Temperature records 
for thermometers 21 
and 22, located a few 
feet from the bottom 
of the hold, show that 
there was but little 
change in tempera- 
ture in these places of 
stowage. Samples 
Nos. 18, 20, and 22, 
which were attached 
to thermometers of 
the same numbers, 
had temperatures of 140°, 130,° and 44° F., when discharged, and 
tested 59.5, 56.2, and 22.8 c. c. in acidity. Samples Nos. 18 and 
20 had lost all vitality, but sample No. 22 germinated 55 per cent. 
Only one sample in this hold at the time of discharge tested under 
33 c. c. in acidity. 

Hold 4 was one deck higher than holds 1 and 5. It was located 
just aft of the engine room and had a shaft tunnel in the bottom 
05190°— 19— Bull. 764 5 




Fig. 41.— Hold 3: Temperature records of electrical resistance thermom- 
eters, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples secured 
at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged corn. (Cargo 
No. 6.) 



66 



BULLETIN 164, U. S, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



? 


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which continued througli hold 5. The dried corn in this hold changed 
very little in temperature during the voyage, as is shown in Table 29 

and figure 42. The 
temperature record for 
thermometer 23 shows 
that the corn at the 
surface near the en- 
gine room bulkhead 
increased 27° F. and 
had a temperature of 
80° F. at the end of 
the voyage, while the 
temperature of the 
corn at the same 
height in the after part 
of the hold was the 
same when discharged 
as when loaded, as 
shown by the tempera- 
ture record for ther- 
mometer 24. The corn 
stowed next to the 
engine-room bulkhead 
about 6 feet from the 
bottom, increased 8 
degrees, and the corn 
stowed at the same 
height in the after 
part of the hold in- 
creased 7 degrees, as 
is shown by the rec- 
ords for thermome- 
ters 35 and 37. The 
effect of the engine heat on the corn is shown in Table 30. 



! 


I 




1 


3 


5 


Q 


3 


* 


<? 


2\T 


160 


23t7 


24 


ISA 


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14.4 


276 


26 


16.2 


273 


.V 


ISO 


256 


■33 


- 


31.7 


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150 


301 


,3b 


15-2 


27.0 




Fig. 42.— Hold 4: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 6.) 



Table 30.— Effect of the engine-room heat on the corn located next to the engine-room 
bulkhead in hold 4, cargo No. 6. 



Sample No. 


Increase 
in tem- 
perature. 


Increase 

in 
acidity. 


Decrease 
in germi- 
nation. 


Decrease 
in sound 
kernels. 


Decrease 
in weight 

per 
bushel. 


23 > 


° F. 

27 



c. c. 
5.3 
1.7 


Per cent. 

19 

1 


Per cent. 
2S.7 
2.7 


Pounds. 
2.25 


24 2 ... 


1.00 







1 Sample was located at surface against engine-room bulkhead. 

2 Sample was located same height as No. 23, but some distance from the engine-room bulkhead. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



67 



Table 31. — Effect of the shaft tunnel heat on the corn stowed next to the shaft tunnel in 

hold 4, cargo No. 6. 



Sample No. 


Increase 
in tem- 
perature. 


Increase 

in 
acidity. 


Decrease 
in germi- 
nation. 


Decrease 
in sound 
kernels. 


Decrease 
in weight 

per 
bushel. 


34' 


F. 
27 
5 


c. c. 
2.5 
.1 


Per cent. 

23 

3 


Per cent. 
18. S 
8.9 


Pounds. 
1.00 
1.37 


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1 Sample was located on the shaft tunnel. 
♦Average for these ) wo samples. 

2 Sample was located same height as No. 31, but halfway between shaft tunnel and the sides of the hold. 

The effect on the corn of the heat from, the engine room which 
penetrated through the shaft tunnel in the bottom of the hold is 
shown in Table 31. 
The corn located di- 
rectly on the shaft 
tunnel increased 27° 
F. during the voyage, 
while the corn located 
the same height as the 
tunnel, but halfway 
between the tunnel 
and the sides of the 
hold, increased 7 de- 
grees on the port side 
and 8 degrees on the 
starboard side, as is 
shown in figure 43. 
There was no heat- 
discolored corn in the 
hold at the end of the 
voyage, but the corn 
at the surface along 
the upper part of the 

engine-room bulkhead Flg - 43 ~ ™ d 4: Show ing effect of the heat from the propeller-shaft 
j i ,, , » tunnel on the corn located against the tunnel. (Cargo No. 6.) 

and along the top of 

the shaft tunnel was musty, somewhat moldy, and " packed." The 
corn in the hold ranged from 50° to 85° F. in temperature and 25.5 
to 32.7 c. c. in acidity (4 samples tested slightly over 30 c. c. and 
12 samples tested under 30 c. c. in acidity), from 7 to 52 per cent in 
germination, and from 57.9 to 95.6 per cent in sound kernels. 

The corn in hold 5 as discharged varied from 44° to 120° F. in 
temperature, from 22.9 to 54.9 c. c. in acidity, and from 5 to 66 per 
cent in germination. A small amount of the corn a few feet under 



TARBOARD 




68 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



UAROH 
28 29 30 a 1 


2 


3 


L. 


3 


6 


7 8 9 


H 


II 


12 


IS -14 If 


16 17 18 
















































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130 




























































































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' ' 






































b- 















the surface in the after part of the hold was heat-damaged. Sample 
No. 42 taken from the heat-damaged corn had a temperature of 
120° F. and tested 49 c. c. in acidity. The corn located along 
the upper part of the shaft tunnel was sour, moldy, and "packed." 

The corn near the tun- 
nel increased more in 
temperature than the 
corn stowed the same 
height in the hold but 
located half-way be- 
tween the tunnel and 
the sides of the hold, as 
is shown by comparing 
the records for ther- 
mometers 45, 46, and 
48, and figure 45. The 
corn located directly 
on the tunnel increased 
more in temperature 
and acidity and de- 
creased more in ger- 
mination, sound ker- 
nels, and weight per 
bushel than the corn 
which was located 
some distance from 
the tunnel, also the 
natural corn in this 
hold, located on the 
shaft tunnel, under- 
went more deteriora- 
tion than the dried 
corn located on the 
shaft tunnel in hold 4. 
The correlation of temperature changes and changes in the condi- 
tion of the corn is illustrated in figure 46. 

CARGO No. 7. 

Cargo No. 7 consisted of 171,428 bushels of natural corn. The 
corn was loaded March 23 to 27, 1911; the steamship sailed March 
31 and arrived at Belfast, Ireland, April 21, where the corn was dis- 
charged from April 22 to May 9. The length of the ocean voyage 
was 2 1 days ; the maximum time that any of the corn was in the vessel 
was 47 days, and the average time was 39 days, 




Fig. 44. — Hold 5: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 6.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



69 



STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

The steamship had six cargo holds. The corn was stowed in four 
holds, holds 2, 3, 5, and 6. Only hold 2 w T as entirely filled with corn, 
although the corn in 
hold 3 was loaded to 
the same height, but 
this hold had one more 
deck. Hold 5 was 
about two-thirds fill- 
ed, and hold 6 was a 
little over half filled 
with corn. The ves- 
sel had two shaft tun- 
nels along the bottom 
of holds 5 and 6. 
Both of these shaft 
tunnels were venti- 
lated. 



CONDITION OF THE CORN 
AS LOADED. 



MARCH 
28 29 30 31 


APtm. 

23iG0789K)l 


12 i3 v+ is a it m 














































130 
120 
































































































































*' 












































^ * 




















































































J 00 






















































8 




I 


y" 






<V__. MM1EA 






















50 




f' , 
















" ~~T~-i — i — <[ : 




, 


























r*« ■ »ai > 








"" 






























Ptw!2*3 














































































J 















las 22.9 VT— 




\ 

Ij 




I 

1 


\ 

3 


70 


5*9 


198 


Ui 


5A- 


27.3 


136 


±6 



Fig. 45.— Hold 5: Showing effect of the heat from the propeller-shaft 
tunnel on the corn located against the tunnel. (Cargo No. 6.) 



The corn in this 
cargo was natural 
corn. The condition 
of the corn as loaded 
is shown in Tables 32 
and 33. The averages for the various factors of the corn as loaded 
were as follows: Moisture content 18.4 per cent, acidity 23.8 c. c, 
germination 60.2 per cent, sound kernels 95.2 per cent, and test weight 
per bushel 53.5 pounds. The average temperature of the corn as 
loaded was 62° F. 

Table 32. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. 7, as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Hold. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Hold 2: 


F. 
61.0- 67.0 
68.0-146.0 

56.0- 66.0 
65.0-141.0 

61.0- 65.0 
69. 0-147. 

57.0- 64.0 


Per cent. 
16.4-18.4 
14.0-1S.9 

17.8-18.9 
16. 2-20. 1 

18.5-19.0 
16. 8-35. 8 

18.5-19.1 
17. 1-19. 1 


c. c. 
26.1-29.9 
28. 0-43. 2 

19. 9-26. 2 
27.6-47.7 

22. 1-25. 9 
27. 7-70. 

20. 7-24. 2 
27.5-43.4 


Pre cent. 

46.0-64.0 

0-60.0 

50.0-73.0 
0-S5.0 

42. 0-73. 
0-71.0 

56. 0-68. 
0-61.0 


Per cent. 

90. 2-96. 1 

0-88.7 

90. 1-98. 1 
0-91.8 

93. 9-97. 7 
0-84.0 

93.9-97.7 
0-84.8 


Pounds. 
52.8-54.5 




47.0-53.5 


Hold 3: 


51.5-54.0 




47.0-53.8 


Hold 5: 


53.5-54.5 




43. 0-52. 8 


Hold 6: 


53.3-54.0 




68.0-122.0 


48. 0-53. 8 







70 



BULLETIN 764, TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 33.— Condition of the corn in cargo No. 7, natural corn, as loaded, and the change 
in condition while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from 
top to bottom. 

[T 1, etc., represent samples in crossed-wire containers.] 



Sample 


Temperature. 


Uois $Zi con ~ Acidit y- 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weight per 
bushel. 
























No. 




A-d 


>d 


m-d 


•d 




■d 


ra-d 


•d 


A-d 


-d 


aid 




03 . 


"d em 


03 . 


'd em 


c3 . 
-2"d 




03 . 
In * 


"d m 


03 . 
Iri ® 


"3 so 

m 03 


03 . 


"d em 
u 




<3 


31 


«-< 


-2-d 


«j< 




< 


<■§ 


< 


2 a 


< 




Hold 2: 


° F. 


F. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


c. c. 


c. c. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.rt. 


P.ct. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Tl.... 


67 


146 


17.8 


18.0 


26.1 


42.8 


47 





95.4 





53.25 


47.00 


T2 ... 


63 


126 


18.4 


16.7 


26.9 


38.2 


58 


1 


95.5 


1.0 


54.00 


50.50 


36 








14.0 
17.9 


29.9 


33.8 
43.2 


46 


6 
3 


96.1 


39.5 
21.1 


~54."50' 


52.50 


T3 ... 


63 


76 


18.4 


51.50 


37 . 




116 
112 
82 
70 
69 


10.4 


18.5 
18.9 
17.7 
17.8 
17.2 


27.1 


28.4 
33.7 
28.0 
29.0 
32.0 


58 


28 
3 

36 
47 
42 


90.5 


65.5 
9.1 
70.9 
77.2 
88.7 


53.50 


50.00 


38 .. 




49.50 


39 




51.50 


40... 




53.00 


T4.... 


65 


52.25 


T5.... 


66 


82 


17.2 


16.8 


27.7 


31.0 


64 


60 


90.2 


87.4 


52.75 


52.50 


41 . 




68 

70 


17.7 


17.6 
17.2 


28.5 


29.0 
29.3 


60 


37 
51 


90.8 


85.8 
77.1 


53.00 


53.00 


T6.... 


61 


52.75 


T7.... 


64 


68 


18.3 


18.3 


26.7 


32.6 


60 


60 


92.2 


84.5 


53.75 


53.50 








18.3 
17.7 
17.3 




26.3 
28.2 
27.1 




53 
61 
61 




93.8 
95.4 
92.6 




53.50 
53.50 
53.00 




43 















44 














Hold 3: 
















T8.... 


66 


141 


18.5 


18.3 


22.2 


43.6 


60 





96.0 





53.25 


47.00 


T9.... 


66 


140 


18.3 


17.5 


23.8 


47.7 


62 





96.1 





53.25 


47.50 


45 . 




118 

118 


18.2 


20.1 
16.2 




41.7 
34.0 




14 
34 


95.4 


29.7 
18.4 


54.00 


47.00 


T 10... 


66 


52.00 


46... 




104 
78 
67 
70 
73 


18.6 


17.3 
17.9 
18.7 
18.1 
18.2 


22.4 
20.5 


28.0 
29.6 
31.7 
31.0 

31.7 


65 
53 


51 
3 
35 
44 
65 


98.1 


62.1 
80.6 
55.7 
83.9 
91.8 


54.00 


51.50 


47... 




53.00 


48 . 




52.50 


49 . 




52.00 


T 11... 


64 


52.75 


T 12... 


64 


72 


18.1 


18.3 


25.0 


34.0 


62 


56 


95.5 


80.6 


53.50 


52.25 


T 13... 


64 


69 


18.1 


17.7 


21.2 


33.8 


65 


59 


97.6 


86.5 


53.50 


53.75 


T 14... 


64 


70 


18. 9 


18.6 


22.0 


27.6 


60 


61 


95.6 


82.7 


53.00 


52.75 


T15... 


63 


72 


18.1 


17.7 


19.9 


29.2 


63 


44 


96.8 


74.8 


53.25 


52.00 


T16... 


62 


65 


is s 


18.3 


20. 8 


31.0 


65 


65 


95.8 


74.8 


53.25 


52.00 


T 17... 


62 


68 


18.6 


18.0 


21.8 


31.2 


67 


57 


93.2 


84.6 


53.00 


52.50 


T18... 


61 


69 


18.7 


18.4 


24.8 


32.0 


55 


58 


90.1 


87.5 


51.50 


51.25 


T 19. . . 


58 


69 


18.8 


18.8 


26.2 


30.8 


62 


59 


94.0 


88.7 


53.50 


53.50 


T 20. . . 


59 


70 


18.3 


17.7 


21.2 


30.0 


60 


64 


95.3 


78.3 


53.75 


53.00 


T21... 


56 


72 


18.1 


18.1 


22.4 


27.6 


61 


64 


96.7 


83.6 


54.00 


52.50 








18.2 
18.0 
17.8 




20.0 
22.4 
23.2 




73 
59 
61 




95.0 
96.0 
95.6 




53. 50 
53.00 
53.75 




51 
















52 
















Hold 5: 
















T22... 


63 


147 


18.8 


16.8 


24.2 


47.4 


59 





95.9 





53.50 


47.50 


53 . 




135 




18.8 
35.8 
19.2 
18.1 
18.5 


23.2 


36.7 
70.0 
27.7 
29.3 
32.4 


42 






1 

62 

56 


97.6 


2.9 



13.3 

82.5 

76.7 


53.75 


49.75 


54 




43.00 


55 . 




118 
71 

74 


18.5 


50.00 


56... 




52.75 


T23... 


65 


52.50 


T24... 


64 


77 


18.6 


18.4 


22.9 


34.7 


73 


67 


96.1 


76.1 


53.75 


51.75 


57 




125 
83 
90 








51.8 
29.6 
33.3 


63 


6 
1 
3 


96.4 


5.5 
72.4 
66.9 






58... 




18.6 


18.7 
18.9 


25.9 


54.00 


50.00 


T25... 


65 


51.00 


59 .. 




72 
79 


18.6 


18.4 

18.4 


22.1 


30.5 
31.3 


68 


37 

70 


95.8 


76.4 
66.9 


54.50 


51.00 


T26... 


64 


52.00 


60 




69 
69 








28.7 
30.3 


57 


60 
62 


96. 7 


62.4 
84.4 






T27... 


64 


18.5 


17.4 


25.5 


53.75 


52. 50 


T28... 


61 


73 


18.6 


18.6 


23.2 


30.2 


67 


71 


95.7 


69.8 


53.50 


52.50 








18.8 
19.0 
18.8 




24.4 
23.8 
25.4 




62 
62 
67 




97". 7 
95.4 
93.9 




54.00 
54. 00 
54.00 


































Hold 6: 
















64 




72 
122 


18.7 


17.1 
18.3 


20.9 


38. 1 
43.4 


57 


4 



96.3 


9.8 



53.50 


48.00 


T29... 


63 


49.50 


65 




100 
80 

87 
87 


18.7 


18.9 
17.1 
19.1 
18.1 


20.7 


39.8 
31.8 
32.8 
30.8 


56 



29 


23 


95.4 


33.8 
76.9 
71.4 

69.8 


53.50 


51.25 


66... 




51.50 


67... 




50.00 


T30... 


61 


51.25 


T31... 


63 


86 


18.8 


17.8 


23.6 


29.9 


62 


33 


95.3 


83.1 


54.00 


52.25 


T 32. . . 


64 


75 


18.9 


18.2 


20.7 


30.1 


57 


55 


93.9 


74.3 


53.25 


51.50 


T33... 


63 


68 


18.5 


18.3 


23.7 


28.4 


56 


56 


97.7 


82.9 


53.50 


53.75 


T34... 






18. 5 
19.1 


IS. 3 

18.4 


24.2 
22.3 


33.0 
27.5 


62 

68 


61 

58 


96.3 
97.1 


84.8 

78.5 


54.00 
53.50 


53.25 


T35... 


57 


69 


53.00 












22.9 




59 




94.7 




54.00 













CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



71 



TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE AND CONDITION OF THE CORN AS 

DISCHARGED. 



I 

Q 


I 

o 
5* 
Q 

V) 

<t 



iii 

fJ 
k 



It 

; 

H 
$ 

ft 

M 

i5 



O if) 

S £ 



CARGQNo.6 



ACID ITY-C.C. 



It) Uj 

y 

* 5 



es to 49 

50 to 74- 

7Sro 99 

IOOto 1 24 

125 to/ 49 




1574 



GERMINATION - °/o 



25 to 49 

50 to 74- 

75 to 99 

IOO to 124 

1 25 to 149 




58 



SOUND KELRNELS-°/ a 



Durmg tlie voyage the temperature of the corn in the various 
positions of stowage was recorded each day that the weather per- 
mitted. The location of the various thermometers and the changes 
in temperature at those positions are shown in figures 48 to 53, 
inclusive. The max- 
imum temperatures 
found in the corn as 
discharged were 146° 
F. in hold 2,141° F. 
in hold 3, 147° F. in 
hold 5, and 122° F. 
in hold 6. These 
were higher than 
the maximum tem- 
peratures at the 
time of loading by 
79° F., 75° F., 82° 
F., and 58° ¥., re- 
spectively. During 
the time that the 
corn was in the ves- 
sel a large propor- 
tion of it became 
hot, discolored, 
moldy, and badly 
damaged. The corn 
changed the most in 
condition and be- 
came badly damag- 
ed in the upper part 
of the holds. The 
temperature and 
degree of deteriora- 
tion, in a general 
way, decreased from 
the surface of the 
corn toward the bot- 
tom of the holds. It 
will be seen in the accompanying charts that the temperature of the 
corn reached 100° F. in the following number of days after sailing. 
Three days in hold 2, 4J days in hold 3, 8 days in hold 5, 16 days 
in hold 6. As has already been stated, the average length of time 
that the corn remained in the vessel was 39 days. 



U 

k 



u: 

8 

c 

1 

k 
tf to 



25 to -S-3 

50 to 74- 

75 to 99 

IOOto 124- 

/2Sto/43 



25 to 4-9 
50 to 74- 
7S to 99 
IOOto /24- 
125 to 14-9 



\94 




\23 



WEIGHT perBUSHEL -LBS. 



IS3.3 
\S/.I 
ISI.B 
1.5V./ 



\4-7.S 
\4-7.2 



^^ CONDITION OF" THE CORN AS LOADED 

BB CONDITION OFTHE CORN AS DISCHARGED 

Fig. 46.— Correlation of the temperature and condition of the corn as 
loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 6.) 



72 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



J 



TIN 



.3 



&3HA/f}0 S&O&O 



-l--l--t 






P £ 



Hold 2 was entirely filled with corn, the upper part of which be- 
came badly heat damaged while it was 
in the vessel. The corn in this kold as 
discharged ranged from 68 to 146 degrees 
in temperature, 14 to 18.9 per cent in 
moisture, 28 to 43 c. c. in acidity, to 60 
per cent in germination, to 88.7 per 
cent in sound kernels, and 47 to 53.5 
pounds in test weight per bushel. As is 
shown in Table 33, sample 1, taken from 
near the surface, had a temperature 
when discharged of 146° F., tested 42.8 
c. c. in acidity, had no sound kernels, 
and none of the corn would germinate. 
As will be seen by the temperature rec- 
ord for thermomter 1, in figure 48, this 
thermometer was located near the sur- 
face. The corn in this position of stow- 
age increased in temperature very rapidly 
from the time it was loaded, on March 
27, until it was over 140° F., on April 
12, after which the increase became more 
gradual. The corn surrounding this 
thermometer was very badly damaged 
on arrival in Europe. Sample 2, which 
was taken from the corn about one- 
third of the distance down in the hold, 
had a temperature of 126° F., tested 
38.2 c. c. in acidity, germinated 1 per 
cent, and had 1 per cent of sound ker- 
nels. The temperature of the corn sur- 
rounding sample 2 gradually increased 
from the time that the corn was loaded 
until it was discharged, as is shown by 
the temperature record for thermometer 
2. Sample 4, taken two-thirds of the 
distance down in the corn, and sample 
7, taken from the bottom of the hold, 
had temperatures of 69° and 68° F., and 
tested 32 and 32.6 c. c. in acidity, 42 and 
60 per cent in germination, and 88.7 
and 84.5 per cent in sound kernels. 
The temperature of the corn two- 
thirds of the distance down in the hold 
remained practically stationary during the voyage, as will be 
seen by the records for thermometer 4, while the temperature of 



r 



: 3 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



73 





MARCH 
28 30 




3 


3 




7 


9 


, 


1 


APRIL 
13 IS 


17 


19 


21 


23 25 


27 


29 
































! L! 


■ > 








— j 






1 ' 






130 
















1 
























: 




































/ 


















































(.00 




















































































































































1 1 


















































g 80 
| 70 
K 60 










i L4- 


















































d^pr^fv^j-. 


i 












„.'., 






























- 


- 


f 






• 

-1 _ 






,e 


^ 






— 

4. 








«t;j 


ifSL. 


















































\ 


water re*<=t«ipiwj 






























' | 




















1 1 II ' 1 1 ! 












1 
















- 
























i 


















1 






















\h 


































\ 























38 183 33 7 

39 17.7 280 



*0 1 7.8 29.0 



*l 1 7.6 280 



the corn at the bottom fluctuated somewhat, being influenced to 
some extent by the temperature of the sea water. 

Hold 3 was filled with corn to the second deck. The corn as dis- 
charged was badly heat damaged in the upper part of the hold and 
ranged from 65° to 141° F. in temperature, 27.6 to 47.7 c. c. in acid- 
ity, to 65 per cent in germination, to 91.8 per cent in sound 
kernels, and 47 to 53.8 in test weight per bushel. The corn in this 
hold at time of load- 
ing had a tempera- 
ture ranging from 56° 
to 66° F., which tem- 
perature increased 
very rapidly at the 
surface during the 
early part of the voy- 
age and was over 120° 
F. in a week after the 
vessel sailed; it con- 
tinued to increase 
until it reached 141° 
F. by the time the 
corn was discharged. 
This is shown in the 
temperature record 
for thermometer 8, 
figure 49. As will be 
seen in Table 33, 
sample No. 8, which 
was taken from near 
the surface of the 
corn, tested 43.6 c. c. 
in acidity and none 
of the kernels would 
germinate. The corn 
at this position was 
very moldy, sour, and 
badly heat damaged. 
There was not much 
change hi the temperature of the corn located one-third of the dis- 
tance down in the hold in the first 10 or 12 days of the voyage, but 
from that time on it increased more rapidly until on April 24 it was 
118° F., as is shown by the record for thermometer 10. The corn sur- 
rounding this thermometer, as discharged, tested 34 c. c. in acidity 
and 34 per cent in germination. The temperature of the corn located 
two-thirds of the distance down in the hold increased only 9° F. 
during the time it was in the vessel, as is shown by the tempera- 



POR 


r ptf 




W-jp^TrrSTARBQARD 






/h * r Z"?A ' — \ 




r 






mm 


1 
■ 


'■"■'.:•' 


;-;;.'r^>iJ I 


^ ' 


_, 




!-!" A V 







9 


<0 
6 


* 

3 


^8 


ISO 


i 


33B 
382 
•V02 
28<. 


1 '.0 
167 
f79 
185 


3 6 
2 
3 

37 


32.0 


172 


U 


310 


168 


9 


293 


172 


6 


326 


183 


7 



'^a^J^^^WT^ ^ , FORWARD 



Fig. 48. — Hold 2: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Belfast. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged corn. 
(Cargo No. 7.) 



74 



BULLETIN 164, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



140 

130 



3-110 
"jJlOO 



S ^ 



28 


«> 






3 


a 


7 


8 


ti 


a 


:a 


17 


19 


21 


S3 


2B S7 
















































\ 










■£ 






































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































~ 




- 


», 




















>> 




-r 






-\ 
































- 


J> 


















rn 


tS5-^-2sc 


























































Wp&l 


■CHPpW 


'1 
























































'i 




. 






i 










































































































' 




















< 






































i 























turo record for thermometer 11. Sample No. 11, taken from the com 
surrounding thermometer 11, had a temperature of 73° F. and tested 
31.7 c. c. in acidity, 65 per cent in germination, and 91.8 per cent in 
sound kernels. The temperature of the corn in the bottom of the hold 
varied somewhat with the sea-water temperature, as illustrated by the 
record for thermometer 19. Sample No. 19, taken from the corn at 
the bottom of the hold, had a temperature when discharged of 69° F., 

tested 30.8 c. c. in 
acidity, 59 per cent 
in germination, and 

88.7 per cent in sound 
kernels. 

Hold 5 was two- 
thirds filled with 
corn, the top part of 
which became badly 
heat damaged during 
the voyage. The 
corn in this hold, as 
discharged, ranged 
from 69° to 147° F. 
in temperature, 27.7 
to 70 c. c. in acidity, 
to 71 per cent in 
germination, to 84 
per cent in sound 
kernels, and 43 to 

52.8 pounds in test 
weight per bushel. 
As will be seen by the 
temperature record 
for thermometer 22 
in figure 12, the corn 
near the surface in- 
creased from 63° F. 
on March 24 to 100° 
F. on April 8 and to 
147° F. on April 21. 

As indicated in Table 33, sample No. 22, which represents the corn 
surrounding thermometer No. 22, contained no sound kernels or any 
kernels that would germinate, and tested 47.4 c. c. in acidity and 47.5 
pounds in weight per bushel. The corn located halfway down in the 
hold and at the bottom changed very little in temperature except near 
the outside walls and along the top of the shaft tunnel. Sample No. 24, 
taken from near the shifting boards halfway down in the corn, increased 




1 

5 

i as 



162 
173 
17.9 



Fig. 49. — Hold 3: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Belfast. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged corn. 
(Cargo No. 7.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



75 



130 
^120 

110 




from 64 to 77° F. in temperature and when discharged tested 34.7 
c. c. in acidity, 67 per cent in germination, 76.1 per cent in sound 
kernels, and 51.75 pounds in weight per bushel. Sample No. 57, 
taken from near the side of the hold, a little over halfway down in 
the corn on the port side, had a temperature of 125° F. and tested 
51.8 c. c. in acidity, 6 per cent in germination, and 5.5 per cent in 
sound kernels. The corn along the top of the shaft tunnel varied in 
temperature during 
the voyage, while the 
temperature of the 
corn the same height in 
the hold located half- 
way from the tunnel ^'°o 
and the side of the boat, 5 ° 
remained nearly the s ™ 
same throughout the 
voyage, as is shown by 
comparing the temper- 
ature records for ther- 
mometers 25 and 26. 

Table 34 shows that 
the corn surrounding 
thermometer 25, which 
was located on the shaft 
tunnel, tested higher 
by 2 c. c. in acidity and 
lower by 67 per cent in 
germination than the 
corn surrounding ther- 
mometer 26, which was 
located at tunnel 
height but halfway be- 
tween the tunnel and 
the side of the hold. 
Four samples taken 
from hold 5 tested un- 
der 30 c. c. and nine 
samples tested over 30 
c. c. in acidity. 

Table 34. — Effect of the shaft-tunnel heat on the corn stowed next to the shaft tunnel in 

hold 5. 



« 

8 


|l 




s 






<0 


Q 


a 


O 
5 




SO 


188 


a&7 


55 


19.2 


277 


56 


iai 


293 


58 


IS7 


29 6 


57 




51 8 




w * 

I 1 a 

9 ft s 

3 5? 

"< % <o 

\l~l U1A- I 63 22 

700 353 54- 

■7* 32A. 135 23 






\fORWAR O 




Fiq. 50. — Hold 5: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and sam- 
ples se:ured at Belfast. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 7.) 



Sample 
No. 


Location of samples. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Acidity. 


(termi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


25 


On shaft tunnel 


° F. 
90 

79 


c. c. 
33.3 
31.3 


Per cent. 
3 

70 


Per cent. 
66.9 
60.9 


Pounds. 


20 


Tunnel height halfway out 


52 









76 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



MARCH 

28 30 1 CIS 7 II 


APRIL 
13 IS 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 


MAT 

2 


























Jg3&-- 






























" 70 -r^ffftk-^2b 








Z-"W~~~- ii-vjSSis::- 




"?' 














t OC^AN t/O 


K4G£ -► 







S«o|! 




Fig. 51. — Temperature records of electrical resistance thermometers, 
location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples secured at 
Belfast. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged corn. (Cargo No. 7.) 

122° F. during the 
voyage, as is illus- 
trated by the tern- ^ 



Hold 6 was a little 
more than half filled 
with corn. The upper 
part of the corn be- 
came badly heat 
damaged. The corn 
in this hold as dis- 
charged ranged from 
68° to 122° F. in 
temperature, 27.5 to 
43.4 c. c. in acidity, 
to 61 per cent in ger- 
mination, to 84.8 
per cent in sound 
kernels, and 48 to 
53.8 pounds in test 
weight per bushel. 
The corn at the sur- 
face, where the heat 
could escape, had a 
temperature of 72° 
F. when discharged, 
as is shown by sam- 
ple No. 64 in fig- 
ure 51. The corn 
just under the sur- 
face gradually in- 
creased from 63° to 




perature record for js«> 
thermometer 29. 
As is shown in Ta- 
ble 33, sample No. 
29, which repre- 
sents the corn sur- 
rounding thermom- 
eter No. 29, tested 
43.4 c. c. in acidity, 
and 49.5 pounds in 
weight per bushel, 
and contained no 
sound kernels or any 

Wrn ola tliof xir,rwi 1 1 FlG ' 52— Hold 6 > showing effect of the heat from the propeller-shaft 
Jituntis, iiidt WOUIO tunnels on the corn located against the tunnels. (Cargo No. 7.) 




5 ° & * 

Mil 

3 o § 3 

e ^ ^ </) 

-66 29 9 17.8 31 

-87 308 181 30 

- 75 301 182 32 

-69 275 I8<. 35 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



77 



germinate. The 
corn located about 
6 feet from the bot- 
tom and halfway 
between the shaft 
tunnel and the 
side of the hold in- 
creased 11° F. in 
temperature and 
tested 30.1 c. c. in 
acidity, 55 per cent 
in germination, 74.3 
per cent in sound 
kernels, and 51.5 
pounds in weight per 
bushel, as is shown 
by sample No. 32, 
while the corn be- 
tween the tunnels 
and near the bottom 
of the hold increased 
but 5° F. in temper- 
ature and tested 
28.4 c. c. in acidity, 
56 per cent in ger- 
mination, 82.9 per 
cent in sound ker- 
nels, and 53.75 
pounds in weight 
per bushel, as is 
shown by sample 
No. 33. 



Q <° 
Uj g 

1 



to 

kl 

k. 
O 
kj 
<t 
Si 
k 
^ 
It 
kj 
Q. 
5 

»a 

kl 



kl 



CJVRGO ;No.7 



ACIDI TV -C.C. 



SO to 74 

75 to 99 

IOOto/Z4 

1 85 to 149 




SO to 74 

75 to 99 

IOOro/24 

IZSto 149 



\44.0 



GERMINATION 



°/o 



\6Q 



\54 



M 



SOUND KERNELS - % 



SO to 74 

75 to 99 

IOOto/24 

I25to/49% 



SO to 74 
7Sto 99 
/OOro/e* 

I '85 to 1*9 



\95 



78 



7/ 



I 23 



WEIGHT pef/BUSHEL -LBS. 



\55.6 



BM S2.6 
MSI. 5 

Wsai 

[48. 2 



BBH CONDITION OR THE CORN AS LOADED 
■H COND/T/ON OF THE CORN AS DISCHARGED 

Fig. 53. — Correlation of the temperature and condition of the corn as 
loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 7.) 



Table 35. — Effect of the shaft-tunnel heat on the corn stowed next to the shaft tunnel in 

hold 6. 



Sample 
No. 


Location of samples. 


Temper- 
ature. 


Acidity. 


Germi- 
nation. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


30 

31 

30 and 31 


On unprotected part of shaft tunnel 

On plank-protected part of shaft tunnel . . 
On shaft tunnel ' 


°F. 
87 
86 
86 
75 


c. c. 
30.8 
29.9 
30.3 
30.1 


Per cent. 
23 
33 
28 
55 


Per cent. 
69.8 
83.1 
71.4 
74.3 


Pounds. 
51.2 
52.2 
51 7 


32 


Tunnel height, halfway out 


51 5 









'Average for samples Nos. 30 and 31. 



78 



BULLETIN" 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 





As will bo seen in figure 52 and Table 
35, the corn which was located on the 
unprotected part of the shaft tunnel 
was influenced more by the tunnel tem- 
perature and tested poorer when dis- 
charged than the corn which was located 
on the plank-protected part of the tun- 
nel. They also show that the corn in 
either of the two positions on the shaft 
tunnel varied considerably more in tem- 
perature and tested poorer than the corn 
located at tunnel height but halfway 
between the tunnel and the side of the 
hold. The temperature of the corn at 
tunnel height near the side of the hold 
varied with the sea temperature as is illus- 
trated by the temperature record for ther- 
mometer 35. 

Three samples taken from hold 6 when 
the corn was being discharged tested under 
30 c. c. and eight samples tested over 30 
c. c. in acidity. 

The correlation of temperature changes 
and changes in the condition of the corn 
is illustrated in figure 53. 

CARGO No. 8. 

Cargo No. 8 consisted of 258,092 bushels 
of natural corn. The corn was loaded 
from February 27 to March 1, 1912. The 
steamship sailed March 1 and arrived at 
Rotterdam, Holland, on March 20, where 
the corn was discharged from March. 20 
to March 22. The length of the ocean 
voyage was 19 days; the maximum time 
that any of the corn was in the vessel 
was 23 days, and the average time was 21 
days. 

STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

The steamship had five cargo holds. 
As is shown in figure 54, this shipment 
was a full cargo, each hold being entirely 
filled with corn. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



79 



CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 

The corn in this cargo was natural corn, and its condition as loaded 
is shown in Tables 36 and 37. The averages for the various factors 
of the corn as loaded were as follows: Moisture content 20.1 per cent, 
acidity 17.6 c. c, germination 49 per cent, sound kernels 88 per cent, 
and test weight per bushel 52.7 pounds. The average temperature 
of the corn as loaded was 29° F. 

Table 36. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. 8, as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Hold. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 

per 
bushel. 


Hold 1: 


o F 

25. 0- 46. 

27. 0- 32. 
29. 0- 52. 

26. 0- 33. 
28. 0-132. 

26. 0- 32. 
29. 0-145. 

24.0-33.0 
27. 0- 84. 


Per cent. 
19. 9-20. 3 


17. 6-i8. 5 
17. 8-21. 2 

16. 8-18. 6 
18. 0-28. 

17. 6-20. 2 
18. 2-38. 2 

15. 6-19. 2 
16. 6-50. 4 

16. 6-18. 
18. 0-32. 


Per cent. 
45. 0-66. 
24. 0-53. 

48. 0-57. 
10. 4-40. 

36. 0-58. 
0-39.0 

30. 0-69. 
0-45.0 

37. 0-65. 
4. 0-52. 


Per cent. 
85. 5-94. 1 
84. 9-93. 

87. 0-88. 9 
83. 6-91. 1 

86. 7-91. 4 
2. 0-91. 1 

85. 5-94. 1 
0-95.4 

86. 9-91. 6 
58. 1-91. 


Pounds. 
52. 5 -54. 
51. 75-54. 


Hold 2: 

As loaded 


19. 9-20. 4 


52. -53. 5 
51. 2 -53. 5 


Hold 3: 


19. 8-20. 5 


51. 5 -53. 5 


As discharged 

Hold 4: 


46. 5 -53. 5 


19. 5-20. 3 


51. 5 -53. 5 




46. -53. 25 


Hold 5: 


19. 5-20. 6 


52. 5 -53. 2 




47. -53. 5 













TEMPERATURE CHANGES DURING THE VOYAGE AND CONDITION OF THE CORN AS 

DISCHARGED. 

The temperatures of the corn in the various positions of stowage 
were recorded during the voyage each day that the weather per- 
mitted. The location of the various thermometers and the changes 
in the temperature at those positions are shown in figures 55 to 62, 
inclusive. It will be noted that at the time of loading the average 
temperature of the corn was very low (30° F.) and that the moisture 
content was dangerously high (20.1 per cent). However, the acidity 
was very low (17.6 c. c), showing that the corn had previously under- 
gone very little deterioration. At the time of discharge it was found 
that the corn in holds 3 and 4 was damaged along the boiler-room and 
engine-room bulkheads and there was also a slight amount of damage 
along the shaft tunnel in the bottom of holds 4 and 5. The maximum 
temperatures foimd in the corn as discharged were 46° F. in hold 1, 
52° F. in hold 2, 132° F. in hold 3, 145° F. in hold 4, and 84° F. in 
hold 5. These were higher than the maximum temperatures at the 
time of loading by 14° F. in hold 1, 20° F. in hold 2, 109° F. in hold 3, 
123° F. in hold 4, and 51° F. in hold 5. 

There were no facilities for making moisture tests of the samples 
secured at the port of discharge, and consequently the moisture tests 
at the time of loading only are given in this report. 



80 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 37. — Condition of the corn in cargo No. S as loaded and the change in condition 
while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in the holds from top to 
bottom. 

[T 1, etc., represent samples in crossed-wire containers.] 









Mois- 




















Temperature. 


ture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germination. 


Sound kernels. 


Weignt per 
bushel. 


Sample No. 


-d 


■ 


T3 


■6 


. 


■6 


. . 


•6 


. 


■d 


. . 






"tj 


0, 






o 


to^j 
















T3 


■c 




T) 


•fH qj 


t3 






.- o 






Ti M 


o3 


cj 


'V ex 


03 


t3 to 








■O Jf J 




















































w 


".C 






~M 




cnj5 




m S 




W.C 




< 


<j o 


<; 


< 


«q « 


--; 


<l u 


< 


<° 


< 


<<? 


Holdl: 


7. 


°F. 


P.ct. 


c. c. 


c. c. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


P.ct. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Tl 


30 


42 


19.9 


17.6 


21. 2 


45 


27 


93.3 


90.0 


53.00 


52.75 


2 




43 
32 






20.6 
20.0 


47 


24 

27 


85.5 


87.7 
84.9 




51 75 


T3 


32 


20.3 


18.8 


52.50 


52.00 


4 










17.8 
17.8 


66 


36 
53 


93.8 


90.4 
91.6 






T5 


25 


25 


20.1 


17.8 


54.00 


53.75 


6 




33 
46 






21. 2 
19^6 


60 


27 
30 


94.1 


93.0 
86.0 




5' 7 75 


T7 


31 


20.2 


17.8 


52.50 


51.75 


Hold 2: 
























T8 


32 


52 


20.1 


16.8 


18.2 


48 


34 


88.6 


88.5 


53.50 


53.00 


T9 


31 


49 


20.2 


17.8 


25.4 


57 


15 


88.9 


85.8 


52. 00 


52. 00 


10 










28.0 
19.2 

18.2 


52 


10 
34 
40 


88.2 


84.0 
91.1 

88.0 




53 00 


11 












53 00 


T12 


29 


30 


19.9 


18.2 


53. 50 


52. 50 


T13 


29 


29 


20.1 


18.6 


18.6 


55 


32 


87.0 


86.9 


52.00 


52.00 


14 




38 
39 






18.0 
18.0 


53 


38 
28 


87.6 


86.5 
83.6 




52 25 


T15 


27 


20.4 


17.2 


52.00 


51.25 


Hold 3: 
























Tlfi 


27 


55 


20.1 


17.8 


21.4 


56 


29 


87.0 


82.5 


53.00 


52.00 


T17 


30 


68 


20.1 


19.2 


26.2 


43 


7 


89.6 


88.4 


52. 50 


50.00 


T18 


30 


59 


20.2 


18.4 


21.4 


49 


21 


91.4 


91.1 


53.00 


51.00 


19 




78 
132 






38.2 
27.8 


46 


4 



87.8 


61.2 
2.0 




4S 00 


T20 


31 


20.1 


18.0 


53.00 


46. 50 


T21 


31 


32 


20.5 


18.2 


20.4 


36 


6 


91.1 


89.6 


53.00 


52.50 


T22 


33 


112 


20.2 


20.2 


22.6 


58 


26 


87.9 




52.00 


51.75 


T23 


26 


28 


19.8 


17.6 


18.2 


56 


39 


90.4 


89.4 


53.50 


53.50 


T24 


33 


53 


20.4 


17.8 


18.6 


53 


32 


90.0 


84.0 


51.50 


51.50 


25 


29 




20.3 


18.8 




47 




86.7 




51.50 




Hold 4: 












T26 


28 


33 


20.3 


18.4 


20.0 


48 


45 


91.9 


91.9 


53.00 


52.75 


T27 


30 


35 


19.9 


19.2 


20.0 


36 


31 


94.1 


94.0 


53.00 


52.50 


28 


32 
32 
32 




19.8 
19.9 
20.2 


17.6 
17.6 
17.6 


24.6 


31 
39 
37 


20 


90.6 

87.2 
87.5 


79.3 


52. 50 
52.50 
53.50 


51.50 


29 






T30 


145 


43.8 








46.00 


31 




140 
32 






50.4 
19.2 


43 


1 

23 


89.5 




88.7 




46.50 


32 


31 


20.1 


18.6 


53.00 


52.75 


33 




45 
40 
138 
115 






42.2 
23.6 
32.0 
40.2 


30 


14 
25 


3 








49.50 


34 








90.0 


95.3 



15.1 




51.75 


35 










46.25 


T36 


31 


19.7 


17.2 


53.00 


47.50 


T 37 


32 


115 


20.2 


18.8 


40.4 


48 





86.4 





52.50 


46.00 


T38 


29 


30 


20.0 


18.0 


18.8 


47 


25 


85.9 


85.7 


53.50 


53. 25 


39 




116 
38 
56 






39.6 
19.6 
16.8 


69 


2 
14 
31 


87.3 


15.4 
95.4 

82.2 




46.50 


40 










52.25 


T41 


32 


20.0 


15.6 


52.50 


51.25 


T42 


31 


48 


20.3 


17.6 


20.2 


52 


25 


87.9 


85.4 


52. 00 


52. 00 


T43 


26 


67 


19.5 


16.0 


23.0 


67 


10 


86.1 


84.8 


51.50 


50.00 


44 




98 
29 






37.4 
16.6 


59 


5 
34 


89.6 


30.0 
89.0 




47.75 


T45 


27 


20.2 


16.6 


53.00 


53. 00 


T46 


27 


31 


20.2 


17.2 


18.8 


57 


35 


90.4 


90.0 


52.50 


52. 25 


47 




38 
43 






20.4 
17.6 


30 


26 
30 


85.5 


93.1 
85.4 




52.50 


T48 


28 


20.1 


16.8 


53.00 


52.50 


Hold 5: 
























49 


30 




20.0 


17.0 




37 
38 




88.2 
89.2 




52.50 




50... 


44 
32 


23.4 
32.0 


23 
38 


91.0 

85.9 


52. 25 


T51 


32 


20.5 


17.2 


52. 50 


51.75 


52 




38 

28 






20.8 
18.6 


65 


28 
46 


87.1 


90.9 
84.1 




53.25 


T53 


28 


20.4 


18.0 


53.00 


53.00 


T54 


29 


84 


19.8 


16.8 


29.4 


50 


4 


86.6 


58.1 


53.25 


48.75 


55 




82 
38 
29 






°8.2 
21.4 

18.8 


41 


8 
28 
21 


91.6 


68.0 
89.9 
90.5 




47.00 


56... 










53.50 


T 57 


28 


20.3 


16.6 


52. 50 


52.00 


T58 


24 


27 


19.5 


17.2 


18.0 


61 


52 


87.4 


87.0 


53.25 


53.25 


T59 


28 


43 


20.1 


17.0 


19.4 


49 


26 


89.2 


87.6 


53.00 


53. 00 


T60 


33 


43 


20.6 


16.6 


20.6 


47 


21 


88.1 


88.0 


52. 50 


52. 50 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



81 



17 18 19 £0 21 ?g 



The corn in holds 1 and 2 changed but little during the voyage and 
was discharged in Europe in good condition. 

In hold 3 that part of the corn that was located next to the boiler- 
room bulkhead in the after part of the hold was hot and badly dam- 
aged at the time of discharge. In the damaged corn, as is shown in 
Table 38, the greatest heat and the most severe damage was found 
along the upper part of this bulkhead. The corn located along the 
lower part of this bulk- 
head was not hot but 
was slightly sour. The 
corn located in the for- 
ward part of the hold 
was discharged in a 
sound condition. The. 
temperature records 
during the voyage for 
the corn located next 
to the upper, middle, 
and bottom portions 
of the boiler-room 
bulkhead, compared to 
the temperature rec- 
ords of the corn located 
at the same heights 
but near the center of 
the hold, are shown in 
figure 57. As will be 
seen from the tempera- 
ture records in figure 
57, the temperature of 
the corn located 
against theupper, mid- 
dle, and bottom parts 
of the bulkhead was 
very noticeably affect- 
ed by the heat from 
the boilers. Table 38 
shows that the corn lo- 
cated against the upper part of the boiler-room bulkhead, at the time of 
discharge, had a temperature of 132° F., as against a temperature of 
32° F. for the corn located the same height in the hold but 15 feet 
distant from this bulkhead, and that the corn located against the 
bottom of the boiler-room bulkhead at the time of discharge, had a 
temperature of 53° F., as against a temperature of 39° F. for the corn 
95190°— 19— Bull. 764 6 




Th4?!5cf~~ 



Fig. 55.— Hold 1: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers, locaticn of the thermometers in the hold, and sam- 
ples secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat- 
damaged corn. (Cargo No. 8.) 



82 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 







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CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN". 



83 



at the bottom of the hold but located 30 feet distant from this bulk- 
head. This was a higher increase in temperature by 100°, 77°, and 
10° F., for the corn located against the upper, middle, and bottom 
parts of the boiler-room bulkhead, respectively, than the increase in 
temperature for the corn located at a corresponding depth in the hold 
but from 15 to 30 feet distant from this bulkhead, and clearly shows 
the effects of the boiler heat on corn having a high moisture con- 
tent when stowed in 
this position in the 
vessel. 

Hold4 was located 
just aft of the engine 
room. The pro- 
peller-shaft tunnel 
was located along 
the bottom of the 
hold, and this tunnel 
also extended along 
the bottom of hold 
5. The corn that 
was located next to 
the engine-room 
bulkhead in the for- 
ward part of the hold 
became hot and 
badly damaged dur- 
ing the voyage. 
The corn located 
against the shaft 
tunnel in the bottom 
of the hold at the 
time of discharge 
was heating, moldy, 
and slightly discol- 
ored, but the re- 
mainder of the corn 
in the hold was dis- 
charged in good con- 
dition. As is seen in figure 59, the damaged corn next to the engine- 
room bulkhead had the highest temperature at the upper part 
of the bulkhead and the temperature decreased toward the bot- 
tom of the hold, also toward the center of the hold. Thermometers 
29, 37, and 41, located next to the engine-room bulkhead near the 
surface, halfway down, and near the bottom of the hold, indicated 
a rapid increase in temperature from the first day that the corn was 




*rr. f ISTW'S ' ' 7 ~~ Yaf>wArtD .„ 



Fig. 56.— Hold 2: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 8.) 



84 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



in the hold. Thermometer 29, which was located opposite the 

engine-room b u 1 k- 
head, near the surf ace 
of the corn, did not 
show as high a tem- 
perature during the 
voyage or at the time 
the corn was dis- 
charged as thermom- 
eter 37, which was lo- 
cated next to the en- 
gine-room bulkhead 
halfway down in the 
hold; this is account- 
ed for by the fact 
that thermometer 29 
was inadvertently 
placed several feet 
back from the bulk- 
head. However, 
sample No. 30, which 
was taken from the 
corn the same height 
in the hold as sample 
No. 29, but in con- 
tact with the upper 
part of the engine- 
room bulkhead, 
shows a temperature 
of 145° F. Table 39 
shows that the corn 
located next to the 
upper part of the engine-room bulkhead increased 113° F. in tempera- 
ture and 26.2 c. c. in 
acidity, and decreased 
7.5 pounds in test 
weight per bushel, 30 
per cent in germina- 
tion, and 87.5 per cent 
hi sound kernels. 
This is hi contrast with 
an increase of only 
1° F. in temperature 
and 0.6 c. c. in acid- 
ity, and a decrease of 
only 0.25 pound in test weight per bushel, 20 per cent in germina- 




\nr*,-? <. 



Fig. 57. — Hold 3: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 8.) 



90 
80 

, 70 






















































































































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Fig. 58. — Temperature records of the thermometer located from the 
surface to the bottom of the corn near thecenterof hold 3. (Cargo 
No. 8.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN". 



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86 



BULLETIN" t 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



tion and 0.8 per cent in sound kernels for the 



MARCH 
ir 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 20 21 gg 



corn located the same 
height in the hold but 
12 feet distant from 
the bulkhead. The 
corn located against 
the engine-room bulk- 
head halfway down in 
the hold increased 83° 
F. in temperature, 
21.6 c. c. in acidity, 
and decreased 6.5 
pounds in test weight 
per bushel, 48 per 
cent hi germination, 
and 86.4 per cent in 
sound kernels. This 
is in contrast with an 
increase of only 1° 
F. in temperature, 0.8 
c. c. in acidity, and a 
decrease of only 0.25 
pound in test weight 
per bushel, 22 per cent 
in germination, and 
0.2 per cent in sound 
kernels for the corn 
located the same 
height in the hold 
but 12 feet distant 

Fig. 59.— Hold 4: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- , , .. . , 

mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples Il*Om tHe D U 1 K H e ad, 

secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged The COIH located 
corn. (Cargo No. S.) . - 

agamst the lower part 
of the engine-room 
bulkhead was not 
heating, but the tests 
showed that it had 
undergone more de- 
terioration in every 
factor than the corn 
in the lower part of 
the hold but 12 feet 
back from the bulk- 
head. The effect of F IG - *»0.— Temperature records of the corn located from the surface to 
,i i the bottom of the corn near the center of hold 1. (Cargo No. S.) 

the engine-room heat 

on the corn located next to the shaft tunnel is described 





CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



in the discussion of 
the condition of the 
corn in hold 5. 

The corn in hold 5 
underwent very little 
deterioration and was 
discharged in good 
condition, excepting 
that portion of the 
corn that was stowed 
next to the propeller- 
shaft tunnel, along the 
bottom part of the 
hold, which was in a 
sour, moldy, and heat- 
ing condition. As is 
shown in figure 62, the 
corn located directly 
on top of the shaft 
tunne] began to in- 
crease in temperature 
as soon as the ship got 
hi motion at the be- 
ginning of the voyage, 
and the temperature 
increased in a regular 
manner during the re- 
mainder of the voy- 
age, while the temper- 



rEB. 

2B 29 


MARCH 
2-3*66789 10 II 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 IS 30 3 


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SI 38 32.0 32 



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58 52 180 27 
56 28 2 1.4- 38 




5. s 3 

I I I 

9 I $ 

5 S ' 

44 234. 23 60 

38 SOB 28 62 

28 186 46 63 



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43 184 26 60 

2 9 18.8 21 67 

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58 62 



Fig. 61.— Hold 5: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Rotterdam. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 8.) 

ature of the corn 
stowed the same 
height in the hold, 
but halfway between 
the shaft tunnel and 
the sides of the 
hold, remained prac- 
tically stationary 
during the whole 
voyage. 

Table 40 shows 
that the corn located 
directly on top of 
the shaft tunnel 
increased 55° F. in 
temperature, 12.6 
c. c. in acidity, 



rEB 

SB 29 1 


2 


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MARCH 
7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 1 


7 18 19 20 21 22 


9C 


























































































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84 


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54 



Fig. 62.— Hold 5: Showing effect of the heat from the propeller-shaft 
tunnel on the corn located against the tunnel. (Cargo No. S.) 



88 



BULLETIN 7G4, IT. S . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 




CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



89 



and decreased 4.5 pounds in test weight per bushel, 46 per cent in 
germination and 28.5 per cent in sound kernels. This is in contrast 
with an average increase of only 2° F. in temperature and 1.5 c. c. 
in acidity, and a decrease of only 0.25 pound in test weight per bushel, 




I = CONDITION Or THE CORN -AS 1-OADED 
SS 'CONDITION OF THE CORN AS DISCMAROED 

Fig. 63.— Correlation of the temperature and condition of the corn 
as loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 8.) 

15 per cent in germination, and 0.8 per cent in sound kernels for the 
corn located the same height in the hold but 10 feet distant from the 
shaft tunnel. 

The correlation of the temperature changes and the changes hi 
condition of the corn is illustrated in figure 63. 



90 



BULLETIN 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 




CARGO No. 9. 

Cargo No. 9 consisted of 268,682 bush- 
els of artificially dried corn. The corn 
was loaded April 11 to 15, 1912. The 
steamship sailed April 16 and arrived at 
Liverpool, England, on May 2, where the 
corn was discharged from May 3 to May 
10. The length of the ocean voyage was 
1 7 days. The maximum time any of the 
corn was in the vessel was 30 days, and 
the average time was 24 days. 

STOWAGE OF THE CORN. 

The steamship had seven cargo holds 
and, as is shown in figure 64, each hold 
was entirely filled with corn. Hold 6 had 
20,000 bushels of wheat stowed in the 
lower part of the hold, the upper portion 
of the hold being filled with corn. Hold 
4 was located just forward of the boiler 
room and hold 5 was located just aft of 
the engine room. The propeller-shaft 
tunnel extended along the bottom of 
holds 5, 6, and 7. 

CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED. 

All of the corn in this cargo had been 
artificially dried before loading. The 
condition of the corn as loaded is shown 
in Tables 41 and 42. The averages for 
the various factors of the corn as loaded 
were as follows : Moisture content 1 7 per 
cent, acidity 19.9 c. c, germination 37 
per cent, sound kernels 91 per cent, test 
weight per bushel 53 pounds. The aver- 
age temperature of the corn as loaded 
was 51° F. It will be noted from the 
tables and charts that although the aver- 
age moisture content at the time of 
loading was relatively low, it still was 
not low enough to insure the carrying of 
the corn safely in all parts of the vessel. 
In this connection it will be recalled that 
this shipment was made during the spring months of April and May. 



J o 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



91 



Table 41. — Range in the principal factors showing quality and condition of the corn in 
cargo No. 9, as loaded and as discharged, by holds. 



Holds. 


Tempera- 
ture. 


Moisture 
content. 


Acidity. 


Germina- 
tion. 


Sound 
kernels. 


Weight 
per bushel. 


Holdl: 


o ^ 

44.0- 57.0 

49. 0- 50. 
49.0- 61.0 

47. 0- 59. 
46. 0-122. 

47. 0- 62. 
54. 0-140. 

48. 0- 59. 
48.0-121.0 

46. 0- 59. 
52. 0- 56. 

43. 0- 55. 
45.0- 61.0 


Per cent. 
16.5-17.7 


c. c. 

18.6-21.4 
19.0-22.8 

17.2-23. 2 
18.0-20.6 

17.9-26.6 
19. 8-40. 

17.0-22.4 
19.4-35.8 

17.0-21.6 
17. 0-32. S 

20.4-21.4 

20.2-26.8 

17.4-21.2 
19. 6-26. 


Per cent. 
30. 0-34. 
21.0-31.0 

16.0-47.0 
14. 0-49. 

25. 0-45. 
0-38.0 

16.0-45.0 
0-45.0 

33. 0-48. 
0-44.0 

35. 0-43. 
10.0-43.0 

24. 0-43. 
29. 0-45. 


Per cent. 
88. 6-92. 5 
63. 5-92. 7 

85. 4-93. 2 
94. 6-92. 4 

85. 9-94. 9 
40. 0-93. 7 

89. 1-94. 7 
0-94. 

S9. 3-94. 3 
4. 3-93. 2 

87. 1-89. 2 
70. 6-89. 6 

90. 7-93. 2 
90. 8-93. 6 


Pounds. 
52.50-53.25 
52.00-53.50 

52. 25-53. 75 
52. 75-53. 75 


Hold 2: 


16. 6-17. 5 




Hold 3: 


17.1-17.9 






Hold 4: 


16.0-17.4 








Hold 5: 


16.4-17.1 






49. 25-54. 00 


Hold 6: 


16. 8-17. 






Hold 7: 


16.9-17.7 






53. 25-54. 25 









TEMPERATURE CHANGES 
DURING THE VOYAGE AND 
CONDITION OF THE CORN 
AS DISCHARGED. 

During the voyage, 
the corn in this cargo 
became badly damaged 
next to the upper part 
of the bulkheads sepa- 
rating the corn from the 
boiler and engine rooms, 
also in the "feeder" at 
the upper parts of holds 
3 and 4, and, to a small 
extent, in the after part 
of hold 3 and along the 
shaft tunnel in the bot- 
tom of holds 5, 6, and 7. 
The balance of the corn 
in the cargo was deliv- 
ered in Europe in good 
condition. The maxi- 
mum temperatures 
found in the corn as dis- 
charged were 57° F. in hold 1, 61° F. in hold 2, 122° F. in hold 3, 
140° F. in hold 4, 121° F. in hold 5, 56° F. in hold 6, and 61° F. in 
hold 7. There were no facilities for making moisture tests for the 
samples secured at the port of discharge, and the moisture tests of the 
samples secured at the time of loading only are given for this cargo. 



FORWARD 



BULH 



Fig. 65.— Hold 1: Temperature records of the electrical resistance 
thermometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and 
samples secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat- 
damaged corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 



92 



BULLETIN 764, IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



Table 42. — Shoiving the condition of the dried corn in cargo No. 9 at the time of loading 
and the change in condition while the corn was in the vessel — samples taken in order in 
the holds from top to bottom.. 

[T 1, etc., represent samples in cross-wire containers.] 



Sample No. 



Hold 1: 

T 1 . . . 

T2... 

T3... 

T 4. . . 
Hold 2: 

T5... 

T6... 

T7... 

T 8... 

T9... 
Hold 3: 

T 10.. 

11.... 

T12.. 

T 13.. 

T14-. 

T15.. 

T16.. 

T 171. 

18 

19 

Hold 4: 

T20.. 

T21.. 

22.... 

23.... 

24 

25 

26.... 

T27.. 

T28.. 

T29.. 

T30.. 

31 ... . 

T32.. 

T 33 . . 

T34.. 
Hold 5: 

35.... 

36.... 

37.... 

38.... 

T39.. 

T40.. 

T41.. 

T42.. 

T43.. 

T 44 . . 

T45.. 

T46.. 
Hold 6: 

T47.. 

T48.. 

T49.. 
Hold 7: 

T50.. 

T 51 . . 

T52.. 

53 

T54.. 



Temperature. 



As 
load- 
ed. 



As dis- 
charged 



F. 
57 
55 
44 
46 

61 
53 
53 

49 
54 

70 
106 
61 
59 
48 
47 
57 
50 
122 
46 

135 

139 

102 



140 
62 

132 
54 
60 
70 
69 
61 
58 
57 
62 

112 

I Li 1 

81 

10(1 

52 
50 
54 
95 
72 
71 
48 
75 

56 
56 
52 

60 
55 
45 



Mois- 
ture 
con- 
tent 
as 
load- 
ed. 



P.ct. 
17.7 
17.5 
16.5 
16.5 

16.6 
17.1 
17.3 
17.5 
17.0 

17.9 



Acidity. 



17.5 
17.6 
17.7 
17.5 
17.7 
17.1 



17.2 



17.0 
17.0 



17.0 



17.3 
16.2 
17.2 
17.4 



16.2 
16. 
16.5 



16. S 
16.5 
17.0 
16.9 
17.0 
16.4 
17.0 
16.5 

16.9 
16.8 
17.0 

16.9 
17.7 
17.6 
17.0 
16.9 



As 
load- 
ed. 



c. c. 
21.4 
18.6 
21.0 
20.2 

20.6 
21.4 
23.2 
17.2 
19.2 

17.9 



22.2 
26.6 
19.0 
20.2 
21.8 
21.8 



19.6 



19.0 
19.0 



20.0 
18.2 
18.0 
22.4 



17.0 
IS. 6 
20.6 



17.0 
18.8 
19.4 
20.6 
19.8 
18.2 
18.4 
19.0 

21.4 

20.4 
21.0 

18.2 
21.2 
18.8 
17.6 
17.4 



As dis- 
charged 



c. c. 
22.8 
19.0 
19.4 
20.4 

19.4 
20.6 
18.2 
20.2 
18.0 

23.0 
28.4 
22.0 
24.2 
19.8 
21.0 
20.8 
31.0 
40.0 
21.8 

33.6 
28.4 
27.2 
30.2 
25.8 
23.8 
35.8 
20.8 
22.8 
22.0 
22.2 
21.6 
20.8 
19.4 
21.2 

31.0 
32.8 
21.4 
27.6 
18.6 
17.0 
22.0 
22.2 
22.6 
27.6 
19.4 
21.6 

26.8 
21.0 
20.2 

19.6 
26.0 
21.2 



23.6 



Germination. 



As 
load- 
ed. 



P. ct 
34 
31 
31 
30 

16 
40 
40 
47 
42 



As dis- 
charged 



P.ct. 
21 
23 
29 
31 

14 
49 
31 
40 
32 


14 
22 
21 
21 
34 
36 
38 

3 
28 





2 

2 



31 



26 

15 

18 

10 

21 

42 

45 

36 

4 

4 
34 


41 
38 
35 
28 
19 

3 
44 
28 

10 
40 
43 

45 
29 
37 



Sound kernels 



As 
load- 
ed. 



P.ct. 

88. 6 
92.5 
92.5 
89.0 

88.5 
85.4 
89.6 
93.2 
91.5 

88.2 



85. 9 
92.2 
94.5 
88.4 
92.1 



94.9 



89.1 
92.1 



94.7 
94.2 
93.1 
90.7 



92.9 
93.8 
93.7 



92.3 
90.2 
93.8 
89.3 
89.4 
92.6 
92.7 
94.3 

87.1 
88.8 
89.2 

93.2 
90.7 
92.5 
91.9 
92.0 



As dis- 
charged 



P. ct. 
63.5 
92.7 
92.4 
88.9 

87.8 
84.6 
92.1 
92.4 
92.1 

54.0 
61.0 
86.6 
83.9 
92.2 
91.7 
92.3 
69.1 
40.0 
93.7 

15.7 

36.8 
44.9 

92.2 

94.0 
94.0 
93.7 
90.5 
84.4 
91.2 
94.0 
92.7 

46.7 
56.4 
89.2 
4.3 
93.2 
88.5 
90.9 
88.6 
86.9 
53.6 
92.6 
91.0 

70.6 

88.9 
89.6 

91.7 
90.8 
93.6 



Weight per 
bushel. 



As 
loaded. 



Lbs. 
53. 25 
53.00 
52.50 
52. 50 

53.25 
52.25 
53.00 
52.75 
53.75 

52.50 



52.75 
51.50 
54.00 
53.00 
52.50 
52.50 



53.00 



53.00 
52.25 



52.50 
53.00 
52. 00 
53.25 



52.25 
52. 50 
52.00 

54. 00 



53.25 
54.00 
53. 25 
53.00 
52.50 
54.00 
53.50 
53.00 

52.00 
53.50 
54.00 

54.50 
53.50 
54.50 
54.50 
54.00 



As dis- 
charged. 



Lbs. 
52.00 
53.50 
52. 50 
52.00 

53.25 

53.00 
53.75 
52. 75 
53.00 

51.50 
50.50 
52.25 
54. 25 
52. 50 
53.00 
52. 25 
49.00 
47.00 
53.50 

50.25 
49. 50 
49.25 



48. 75 
53.75 
48.25 
54.25 
53. 00 
53. 00 
52.00 
52.50 
53.25 
52.75 
52.75 

51.75 
48.25 
51.75 
51.25 
54.00 
53.00 
53.50 
51.00 
51.25 
50.00 
54.00 
52.50 

50.50 
54.25 
52.50 

54. 25 
54.25 
53.75 



53.25 



1 This sample was principally dirt and broken corn, evidently a representative sample of only a few 
bushels. 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



93 



The corn in holds 
1 and 2 showed prac- 
tically no change 
during the voyage 
and was discharged 
in sound condition. 
The temperature rec- 
ords for the thermom- 
eters located in the 
various positions in 
these holds are illus- 
trated in figures 65 
and 66. 

Hold 3 had one 
cargo hold between 
it and the boiler 
room, and, although 
the corn had been 
artificially dried be- 
fore loading and there 
was no opportunity 
for the heat from the 
boiler to penetrate 









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12 13 iA- IS 16 17 



Fig. 66. — Hold 2: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 

MAy this hold, still some 

of the corn became 
hot and damaged dur- 
ing the voyage. It 
will be noted from 
Table 42 that some of 
the samples secured 
at the time of loading 
tested the highest in 
acidity (26.6 c. c.) of 
any samples in the 
cargo that were se- 
cured at that time, 
showing that at least 
some of the corn in 
this hold had under- 
gone considerable de- 
terioration before it 
was loaded into the 
hold and was in a dan- 
gerous condition for 
export, with an aver- 
age moisture content 




Fig. 67.— Hold 3: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 



94 



BULLETIN 7G4, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



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of over 1 7 per cent when shipped during April and May. The damaged 
corn was found in the after part of the hold near the shifting boards 
about halfway down in the hold, also in the feeder which extended 
down one deck from the top of the corn under the hatchway. This 
is illustrated in figure 67. 

Hold 4 was located just forward of the boiler room. The corn 
located next to the boiler-room bulkhead became badly heat damaged 
during the voyage, the greatest heat and the most severe damage 

being found at the 
surface of the corn. 
There were no ther- 
mometers located im- 
mediately against the 
boiler-room bulkhead, 
but thermometer 21, 
located even with the 
top of the boiler room 
halfway back in the 
hold registered a rapid 
increase in tempera- 
ture from the begin- 
ning of the voyage. 
There was a small air 
space under the deck 
and above the corn, 
extending from the 
feeder in the forward 
part of the hold to the 
upper part of the 
boiler-room bulkhead, 
and, as soon as full 
steam was gotten up 
in the. boilers at the 
beginning of the voy- 
age, the heat gene- 
rated in the boiler 
room penetrated the 
bulkhead ana was transmitted to the corn, where fermentation was 
started and accelerated until the temperature of the corn at this posi- 
tion of stowage had increased from slightly under 50° F. at the be- 
ginning of the voyage on April 16, to over 140° F. April 29, an increase 
of over 90° F. in temperature in 13 days,' as is shown in figure 68. 
The condition of the corn in the various positions of stowage in the 
hold as loaded and as discharged is given in Table 42. 



1 


Q 

3 


I 





o 


336 
268 
368 


135- 
U.0- 
I32-- 


26 


208 


54- 


18 


226 


70- 




Fig. 68. — Hold 4: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



95 



Hold 5 was located just aft of the engine room. The corn located 
next to the engine-room bulkhead became hot and badly damaged 
during the voyage. As is usual, the greatest heat and the most 
severe damage were found next to the upper part of the engine-room 
bulkhead and less heat and less damage the further the distance 
back from this bulkhead, and also toward the bottom of the hold. 
The corn in the remainder of the hold, except that located next to 
the propeller shaft tunnel, changed very little and was discharged 
in good condition. APmL UAy . 

_, i,i i a o ia- 15 i6 r7 ia ia so 2i aa 23 2*. 23 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 a- - 

The corn located next I ! I I I I 1 I I \nJ& £T 

to the engine-room 
bulkhead, about 9 
feet under the sur- 
face of the corn, at 
the time of discharge 
had a temperature of 
121° F., tested 32 c, 
c. in acidity, 4 per 
cent in germination, 
and 49.25 pounds in 
test weight per 
bushel, while the corn 
located the same 
height in the hold but 
about 20 feet distant 
from the bulkhead, 
had a temperature of 
only 52° F., tested 
18.6 c. c. in acidity, 
41 per cent in germi- 
nation, 93.2 per cent 
in sound kernels and 
54 pounds test weight 
per bushel. This is shown by the analysis records for samples Nos. 
36 and 39, in Table 42. It will be noted from this table that the 
corn which was in the center and after part of the hold was dis- 
charged in Europe in practically the same condition that it was in 
when it was loaded into the vessel. The location of the sound and 
damaged corn in this hold as discharged is illustrated in figure 69. 

The corn in holds 6 and 7, like that in holds 1 and 2, and in the 
middle of the after part of hold 5, was discharged in Europe in prac- 
tically the same condition that it was in at the time of loading into 
the vessel, except that a small amount of the corn located along the 
shaft tunnel in the bottom of the three after holds was somewhat 
musty and sour. The temperature records for the corn in the various 




Fig. 69.— Hold 5: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 



96 



BULLETIN 704, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 




AFT 
"47 



BAOO€D OOJtl 
BULK GOflH 



SHAFT TVM*TL 



Fig. 70. — Hold 6: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the hold, and samples 
secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 



positions of stowage 
in holds 6 and 7 are 
illustrated in figures 
70 and 71. 

The correlation of 
the temperature 
changes and the 
changes in the condi- 
tion of the corn is il- 
lustrated in figure 72. 

SUMMARY. 

The results of these 
investigations may be 
summarized in very- 
few words: 

(1) If the corn was 
dry and in a sound 
condition when 
shipped, it arrived in 
Europe in a like 
sound condition, re- 
gardless of the posi- 



tion in which it was 
stowed, the time of 
year in which it was 
shipped, or the length 
of the ocean voyage. 

(2) But the higher 
the percentage of 
moisture in the corn 
when shipped, the 
greater was the danger 
of spoilage during the 
voyage. 

(3) Various contrib- 
uting causes worked 
with the moisture 
in causing spoilage. 
A combination of 
two or more contrib- 
uting causes result- 
ed in much greater 
spoilage than one 
contributing cause 
alone. 



12 a M. 15 16 17 18 




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29 


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Fig. 71.— Hold 7: Temperature records of electrical resistance ther- 
mometers, location of the thermometers in the held, and samples 
secured at Liverpool. Heavy shading represents heat-damaged 
corn. (Cargo No. 9.) 



CARRYING QUALITIES OF EXPORT CORN. 



97 



it ■ o^ 

I <0 

8 £ 

8 ? 




O 

I* 


U] 

S 



£Sro49 

SO to 74 

7S to 99 

/OOto/34 

/2Sto/49 



ZS to 49 
SO to 74 
7S to 99 
I OO to 124 
/SS to 149 



CARGO No. 9 



AC/ Dl TY-—C.C. 




&£I/=f M INA T/O/V - % 




37 



-O 



SOUND KERNELS-I^o 



These conclusions may be verified by a study of Table 43, which 
is practically a sum- 
mary of the entire 
investigation. 

It may reasonably 
be expected, in other 
export shipments, if 
the quality and condi- 
tion of the corn and 
the shipping condi- 
tions are similar to 
those found in the 
ninecargoesdescribed, 
that the quality and 
condition of the corn 
on arrival at Euro- 
pean ports will be the 
same as in those car- 
goes. 

As the qualy, 
condition, and tem- 
perature of corn to 
be exported can be 
determined before it 
is delivered on board 
the vessel, and as 
the season the 
year during which 
shipment is to be 
made, the place of 
stowage, and the prob- 
able length of voyage 

are known Or Can be FlG - ^.-Correlation of the temperature and condition of the corn 
ascertained, an esti- as loaded and as discharged. (Cargo No. 9.) 

mate of the condition of the corn on arrival can be made in advance. 
95190°— 19— Bull. 764 7 




'CONDITION OF THE CORN AS LOADED 

= COND/T/ON OF THE CORN AS DISCHARGED 



98 



BULLETIN" 764, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



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